Cloning and characterizing of genes associated with long-term memory

ABSTRACT

A method of regulating long term memory is disclosed. Also disclosed is isolated DNA encoding a cyclic 3&#39;,5&#39;-adenosine monophosphate responsive transcriptional activator, isolated DNA encoding an antagonist of cyclic 3&#39;,5&#39;-adenosine monophosphate-inducible transcription, isolated DNA encoding an enhancer-specific activator, and isolated DNA encoding a nitric oxide synthase.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. 1R01 HD32245 01 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Activation of the cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction pathway can have long-lasting global consequences through its influence on the expression of specific genes. This is true for simple organisms as well as mammals, where many of the known cAMP-responsive genes can have important neural and endocrine roles. Additional information regarding activation of this pathway would be useful, particularly as this activation pertains to the ability of animals to remember activities or events.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on Applicants' discovery of the dCREB1 and dCREB2 genes. The present invention is further based on Applicants' discovery that the Drosophila CREB2 gene codes for proteins of opposite functions. One isoform (e.g., dCREB2-a) encodes a cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive transcriptional activator. Another isoform (e.g., dCREB2-b) codes for an antagonist which blocks the activity of the activator.

When the blocking form is placed under the control of the heat-shock promoter, and transgenic flies are made, a brief shift in temperature induces the synthesis of the blocker in the transgenic fly. This induction of the blocker specifically disrupts long-term, protein synthesis dependent memory of an odor-avoidance behavioral paradigm.

As a result of Applicants' discovery, a method is herein provided to regulate long term memory in an animal. The method of regulating long term memory described herein comprises the induction of expression of a dCREB2 gene or an analogue thereof.

Examples of a dCREB2 gene are dCREB2-a, dCREB2-b, dCREB2-c, dCREB2-d, dCREB2-q, dCREB2-r and dCREB2-s.

In one embodiment of the invention, the dCREB2 gene is a dCREB2-a gene and the induction of the dCREB2-a gene or analogue thereof results in the potentiation of long term memory.

Alternatively, induction of the dCREB2-a gene or analogue thereof activates the production of a protein which is necessary for the formation of long term memory.

In another embodiment of the invention, the dCREB2 gene is a dCREB2-b gene and the induction of the dCREB2-b gene or analogue thereof results in the blocking of long term memory.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to isolated DNA encoding a cAMP responsive transcriptional activator. Such a cAMP responsive transcriptional activator can be encoded by a Drosophila dCREB2 gene or by homologues thereof. For example, a cAMP responsive transcriptional activator can be encoded by the dCREB2-a gene or by a gene encoded by the sequences presented herein.

Still another embodiment of the invention relates to isolated DNA encoding an antagonist of cAMP-inducible transcription. Such an antagonist of cAMP-inducible transcription can be encoded by a Drosophila dCREB2 gene or by homologues thereof. For example, an antagonist of cAMP-inducible transcription can be encoded by the dCREB2-b gene.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to isolated DNA which encodes a Drosophila dCREB2 gene.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to isolated DNA encoding an enhancer-specific activator. Such an enhancer-specific activator can be encoded by a Drosophila dCREB1 gene or by homologues thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to isolated DNA encoding a nitric oxide synthase of Drosophila (DNOS). Such DNA can encode a DNOS of neuronal locus. The DNOS encoded can contain, for example, putative heme, calmodulin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, in its reduced form, (NADPH) binding site domains.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B. Gel mobility-shift assays of dCREB2 and dCREB1. 1A. Bacterially-expressed dCREB2-b protein is used in mobility-shift assays. All reactions contained labeled, 3x wild-type CRE (3xCRE) DNA probes except the reaction in lane 2, which contained labeled, 3x mutant CRE (3xmCRE) probe. Competitors were added at two different molar ratios. Reactions in lanes 3 and 4 contained specific (3xCRE) competitor oligonucleotides, while the reactions in lanes 5-12 contained nonspecific competitors. 1B. All dCREB1 protein was from crude extracts of an induced bacterial lysogen containing the dCREB1 open reading frame (ORF), except the protein in reaction 3, which contained crude extract from an unrelated lysogen. All reactions contained labeled 3xCRE as probe, except reaction 2 which contained labeled 3xmCRE. Unlabeled 3xCRE (reactions 4-8) or 3xmCRE (reactions 9-13) oligonucleotide competitor was added at 3-100 fold molar excess.

FIGS. 2A-2B. 2A. Northern blot analysis of dCREB2 transcripts. Poly A+ RNA samples from different developmental stages were separated and probed with an antisense dCREB2 probe. 2B. dCREB2 RNA in a Drosophila head tissue section. An antisense riboprobe to dCREB2 was hybridized to frontal sections of wild-type (Can-S) flies. Sections hybridized with the corresponding sense riboprobe showed no signal.

FIGS. 3a-3b. 3a DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO.:1) and predicted amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.:2) of the dCREB2-a coding region. The basic region and leucine zipper domains are indicated by solid and broken bold underlining, respectively. Positively-charged residues in the basic region are circled. Periodic leucines in the zipper motif are boxed. Glutamines in the activation domain are underlined. The short amino acid motif with target sites for kinases, starting at residue 227, is indicated by a bold outline. Sequences specified by alternatively-spliced exons 2, 4 and 6 are shaded. 3b. Amino acid sequence comparison of bZIP domains of dCREB2 (SEQ ID NO.:3), mammalian CREB(SEQ ID NO.:4), CREM (SEQ ID NO.: 5) and ATF-1 (SEQ ID NO.:6). Differences between dCREB2 and CREB are boxed.

FIG. 4. Diagram of dCREB2 isoforms. Exon boundaries are defined with respect to dCREB2-a. Diagram is not drawn to scale.

FIG. 5. PKA-responsive transcriptional activation by dCREB2-a. F9 cells were transiently transfected with 10 μg of D(-71) CAT plasmid as a CRE-directed reporter. 5 μg of RSV-βgal reporter was included in each dish as a normalization control for transfection efficiency. Different groups received 8 μg of dCREB2-a expression vector and 4 μg of PKA expression vector, separately or in combination, as indicated. All results are expressed as CAT/βgal enzyme activity ratios, standardized to values obtained with PKA-transfected dishes.

FIG. 6. Transcriptional effect of dCREB2-b and a mutant variant on PKA-responsive activation by dCREB2-a. F9 cells were transiently cotransfected with 10 μg of D(-71) CAT along with the indicated combinations of the following expression constructs: RSV-dCREB2-a (5 μg); pMtC (2 μg); RSV-dCREB2-b (5 μg); and RSV-mLZ-dCREB2-b, which expresses a leucine-zipper mutant of dCREB2-b (5 μg). The DNA mass for each dish was made up to 27 μg with RSV-O. Other experimental conditions are as described for FIG. 5.

FIG. 7. DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO.:7) and predicted amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.:8) of the dCREB1 coding region. The basic region and leucine zipper domains are indicated by solid and broken bold underlining, respectively. Positively-charged residues in the basic region are circled. Periodic leucines of the zipper motif are boxed. In the acid-rich region of the activation domain, negatively-charged amino acids are underlined and proline residues are indicated by diamonds.

FIG. 8. Transcriptional activation of a CRE reporter gene by dCREB1 in Drosophila Schneider L2 cell culture. The cells were transiently transfected with a dCREB1 expression construct (1 μg), with or without a construct which expresses Drosophila PKA. 2xCRE-βgal reporter (1 μg) and the normalization Ac-CAT reporter (1 μg) were included in each dish. Expression vectors not present in particular dishes were replaced by pACQ.

FIGS. 9A-9C (Analysis of Transgene Induction After Heat-Shock) 9A. Northern blot analysis of mRNA from the heads of wild-type files (wt) or 17-2 transgenic flies (CREB) in the absence (lanes 1 and 2) of heat-shock, or immediately (lanes 3 and 4) or three hours (lanes 5 and 6) after heat shock. 9B. Western blot analysis of total head protein from wild-type (wt) or 17-2 (CREB) flies in the absence of heat shock (lanes 1 and 2), immediately (lanes 3 and 4), one (lanes 5 and 6), three (lanes 7 and 8), nine (lanes 9 and 10), or 24 (lanes 11 and 12) hours after heat-shock. Total proteins from each group were run on a polyacrylamide gel, electroblotted to PVDF membranes, probed with affinity-purified antibodies raised against a peptide from the basic region of the dCREB2 gene, and detected with an AP-conjugated second antibody. 9C. Western blot analysis of total head protein from 17-2 (wt blocker) and A2-2 (mutant blocker) transgenic flies in the absence of heat-shock (lanes 1 and 2), immediately (lanes 3 and 4), three hours (lanes 5 and 6) and six hours after heat-shock. Samples were treated as in 9B.

FIG. 10 (Cycloheximide feeding affects one-day retention after spaced training but not massed training.) Different groups of wild-type (Can-S) flies were fed 5% glucose solution alone (hatched bars) or laced with 35 mM CXM (striped bars) either for 12-14 hr overnight before massed or spaced training or for the 24-hr retention interval immediately after training. One-day memory retention was significantly lower than normal in flies fed CXM before (P<0.001) or after (P<0.001) spaced training. In both cases, one-day retention in CAM-fed flies was reduced to a level similar to one-day memory after massed training in glucose-fed flies (P=0.88 for CXM before training and P=0.71 for CXM after training). In contrast, no difference was detected between CXM-fed and control flies for one-day memory after massed training (P=0.49 and P=0.46, respectively).

FIGS. 11A-11C (Induction of the dCREB2-b transgene disrupts one-day memory after spaced training, while one-day memory after massed training and learning are normal.) 11A. Different groups of wild-type (Can-S) flies (hatched bars) or hs-dCREB2-b transgenic (17-2) flies (striped bars) were given spaced training or massed training in the absence of heat shock (-hs) or three hours after heat shock (+hs). After training, flies were transferred to standard food vials and stored at 18° C. until one-day memory was assayed. No differences in one-day memory after spaced or massed training were detected between Can-S vs. 17-2 flies in the absence of heat shock (-hs; P=0.83 and 0.63, respectively). When flies were trained three hours after heat shock (+hs), however, one-day memory was significantly different between Can-S v. 17-2 flies after spaced training (P<0.001) but not after massed training (P=0.23). In fact, the one-day memory after spaced training was no different than that after massed training in induced 17-2 flies(P=0.59). In addition, the heat-shock regimen did not produce a non-specific effect on one-day retention after spaced (P=0.59) or massed (P=1.00) training in Can-S flies. N=6 performance indices (PIs) per group. 11B. The same experiment as in 11A was repeated with a second, independently derived dCREB2-b transgenic line, M11-1 (striped bars). Here again, a) no differences in one-day memory after spaced or massed training were detected between Can-S vs. M11-1 flies in the absence of heat-shock (-hs; P=0.83 and 0.86, respectively), b) a significant difference between Can-S v. M11-1 for one-day memory after spaced training (P<0.001) but not after massed training (P=0.85) when trained three hours after heat-shock (+hs), c) one-day memory after spaced training was no different than that after massed training in induced M11-1 flies (P=0.43) and d) the heat-shock regimen did not produce a non-specific effect on one-day retention after spaced (P=0.59) or massed (P=0.94) training in Can-S flies. N=6 PIs per group. 11C. Different groups of Can-S flies (hatched bars) or 17-2 transgenic flies (striped bars) received one-cycle training in the absence of heat shock (-hs) or three (+hs 3 hr) or 24 (+hs 24 hr) hours after heat-shock and then were tested immediately afterwards. In each case, no differences between Can-S vs. 17-2 flies were detected (Ps=0.28, 0.64 and 0.42, respectively), indicating that learning was normal in induced or uninduced transgenic flies. N=6 PIs per group.

FIG. 12 (Induction of the hs-dCREB2-mLZ mutant blocker does not affect one-day retention after spaced training.) Different groups of wild-type w (iso CJ1)!, hs-dCREB2-b transgenic (17-2) or mutant hs-dCREB2-mLZ transgenic flies (A2-2) received spaced training in the absence of heat-shock (-hs) or three hours after heat-shock (+hs). The flies were then handled and tested as in FIG. 11A. No differences in one-day memory after spaced training were detected between w(isoCJ1) vs. 17-2 flies or between w(isoCJ1) vs. A2-2 flies in the absence of heat shock (-hs; P=0.38 and 0.59, respectively). When flies were trained three hours after heat shock (+hs), however, one-day memory after spaced training was significantly different between w(isoCJ1) vs. 17-2 flies (P<0.001)--as in FIG. 11A--but was not different between w(isoCJ1) vs. A2-2 flies (P=0.78). In addition, the heat-shock regimen did not produce a non-specific effect on one-day retention after spaced training in w(isoCJ1) or A2-2 flies (P=0.40 and P=0.97, respectively. N=6 performance indices (PIs) per group.

FIG. 13 (Induction of hs-dCREB2-b completely abolishes 7-day memory retention) Previous analyses of radish mutants indicated that memory retention four or more days after spaced training reflects the sole presence of LTM. Thus, the effect of induced hs-dCREB2-b on LTM was verified by comparing 7-day retention after spaced training in Can-S (hatched bars) vs. 17-2 transgenic (striped bars) flies that were trained in the absence of heat-shock (-hs) or three hours after heat shock (+hs). Flies were stored in standard food vials at 18° C. during the retention interval. N=6PIs per group. Seven-day retention after spaced training did not differ between Can-S and 17-2 in the absence of heat-shock (P=0.83) but was significantly lower than normal in 17-2 flies after heat-shock (P=0.002). In fact, 7-day retention after spaced training in induced 17-2 transgenic files was not different from zero (P=0.92). In addition, the heat-shock regimen did not affect 7-day retention after spaced training non-specifically in Can-S flies (P=0.39).

FIG. 14 (Induction of hs-dCREB2-b completely abolishes one-day memory after spaced training in radish; 17-2 "double mutants.") Since radish is known to disrupt ARM, a clear view of the effect of hs-dCREB2-b on LTM was obtained in radish; 17-2 flies. One-day retention after spaced training was assayed in rsh;17-2 double mutants and in 17-2 and rsh single-gene mutants as controls. Flies were trained in the absence of heat-shock (hatched bars) or three hours after heat-shock (striped bars) and stored at 18° C. during the retention interval. As usual, induction of hs-dCREB2-b produced significantly lower one-day memory after spaced training in 17-2 flies (P<0.001; cf. FIG. 9A). The heat-shock regimen, however, had no effect on such memory in radish mutants (P=0.52), which reflects only the presence of LTM (see Tully et al., 1994). In contrast, heat-shock produced significantly lower scores in rash;17-2 double mutants (P<0.001), which were not different from zero (P=0.20). N=6 PIs per group.

FIGS. 15A1-15A3 and 15B. 15A. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of DNOS and mammalian NOSs. Numbering starts at the first methionine in each ORF. Putative binding domains for cofactors(overlined) are demarcated as in previously published reports on mammalian NOSs. Amino acids which have been proposed as contacts with FAD and NADPH based on crystal structure of the ferrodoxin NADP⁺ reductase (40) are conserved at equivalent positions (bullet points). DNOS, Drosophila NOS (SEQ ID NO.:9); RNNOS, rat neuronal NOS (SEQ ID NO.:11); BENOS, bovine endothelial NOS (SEQ ID NO.:10); MMNOS, mouse macrophage NOS (SEQ ID NO.:12). Sequence alignment and secondary structure predictions performed by Geneworks 2.3 (IntelliGenetics). 15B. Domain structure of Drosophila and mammalian NOS proteins. The proposed cofactor-binding sites for heme (H), calmodulin (CaM), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) are shown. Also marked is the glutamine-rich domain (Q) in DNOS.

FIGS. 16A-16B. Expression of DNOS enzymatic activity in 293 kidney cells. 16A. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from cells transfected with vector alone (lane 293+vector) or with dNOS cDNA construct (lane 293+dNOS). 25 μg of soluble protein extracts was resolved on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and treated with anti-DNOS antibody. The arrow indicates the position of the DNOS protein. Positions of molecular weight markers (in kD) are shown on the left. 16B. DNOS enzyme activity measured in 293 cell extracts by conversion of ³ H-L-arginine to ³ H-L-citrulline. Enzymatic activity was detected only in cells transfected with dNOS cDNA construct (groups B-D) and is presented as specific activity (pmol of citrulline/mg/min.). The DNOS activity also was measured in the presence of 1 mM EGTA without exogenous Ca²⁺ or calmodulin (group C), or in the presence of 100 mM L-NAME (group D). N=4 reactions per group.

FIGS. 17A-17C. 17A. Northern blot analysis of dNOS expression in adult flies shows a 5.0 kb dNOS transcript present in heads. Each lane contained 10 mg of poly (A)⁺ mRNA isolated from Drosophila heads (H) or bodies (B). The Northern blot was hybridized with the dNOS cDNA as described (30). Positions of size markers (in kb) are shown on the left. Blot was overprobed with myosin light chain (MLC) (41) as a standard for RNA concentration. 17B. The dNOS gene expresses two alternatively spliced mRNA species. RT-PCR reactions were performed on poly(A)⁺ mRNA isolated from Drosophila heads and were resolved on 8% polyacrylamide gel. Arrows indicate the positions of DNA fragments of expected sizes: the 444 bp long-form fragment and the 129 bp short-form fragment (lane+RNA). Other bands present in this lane are artifacts from heteroduplexes that failed to denature. Poly(A)⁺ mRNA was omitted from the control reaction (lane -RNA), which otherwise was done in identical conditions. Size markers (kb ladder) are shown in the middle lane (KB). 17C. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of two protein isoforms of DNOS and mouse neuronal NOS implies conservation of the splicing pattern between these two genes. Top part shows the relation between two conceptual Drosophila NOS proteins, DNOS-1 (SEQ ID NO.:13) and DNOS-2 (SEQ ID NO.:14), corresponding to the longer and shorter RT-PCR products, respectively. The bottom part shows the relationship between relevant regions of two protein isoforms of the mouse neuronal NOS, n-NOS-1 (SEQ ID NO.:15) and n-NOS-2 (SEQ ID NO.:16). Numbers indicate positions of amino acid residues relative to the first methionine in the respective OFRs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Applicants have cloned and characterized two genes, designated dCREB2 and dCREB1, isolated through a DNA-binding expression screen of a Drosophila head cDNA library in which a probe containing three cAMP-responsive element (CRE) sites was used.

The dCREB2 gene codes for the first known cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) responsive CREB/ATF transcriptional activator in Drosophila. A protein data base search showed mammalian CREB, CREM and ATF-1 gene products as homologous to dCREB2. For these reasons, dCREB2 is considered to be a member, not only of the CREB/ATF family, but of the specific cAMP-responsive CREB/CREM/ATF-1 subfamily. It is reasonable to expect that dCREB2 is involved in Drosophila processes which are analogous to those which are thought to depend on cAMP-responsive transcriptional activation in other animal systems.

Applicants have shown that the dCREB2 transcript undergoes alternative splicing. Splice products of dCREB2 were found to fall into two broad categories: one class of transcripts (dCREB2-a, -b, -c, -d) which employs alternative splicing of exons 2, 4 and 6 to produce isoforms whose protein products all have the bZIP domains attached to different versions of the activation domain and a second class of transcripts (dCREB2-q, -r, -s) which have splice sites which result in in-frame stop codons at various positions upstream of the bZIP domain. These all predict truncated activation domains without dimerization or DNA binary activity.

dCREB2-a,-b,-c and -d are splice forms that predict variants of the activation domain attached to a common basic region-leucine zipper. These alternative splice forms result in seemingly minor changes in the size and spacing of parts of the activation domain. Nevertheless, alternative splicing of the activation domain has profound effects on the functional properties of dCREB2 products. Isoform dCREB2-a produces a PKA-responsive transcriptional activator in cell culture, whereas dCREB2-b, lacking exons 2 and 6, produces a specific antagonist. This dCREB2 splicing pattern (and its functional consequences) is virtually identical to that seen in the CREM gene. Similarly located, alternatively-spliced exons in the CREM gene determine whether a particular isoform is an activator or an antagonist (14, 26).

The ability of the phosphorylation domain (KID domain) to activate in trans other constitutive transcription factors which are bound nearby could potentially transform a CREM antagonist (which contains the KID domain but is lacking an exon needed for activation) into a cAMP-responsive activator. Since the modular organization of these molecules has been conserved, dCREB2-d could have this property.

In contrast to the dCREB2 splicing variants that encode isoforms with a basic region-leucine zipper domain, the dCREB2-q, -r and -s splice forms incorporate in-frame stop codons whose predicted protein products are truncated before the bZIP region. Isoforms of this type have been identified among the products of the CREB gene (14, 64), but not the CREM gene. The function of these truncated CREB molecules is not known, but at least one such CREB mRNA is cyclically regulated in rat spermatogenesis (73).

So far, dCREB2 is the only cAMP-responsive CREB transcription factor isolated from Drosophila. Other Drosophila CREB molecules, BBF-2/dCREB-A (1,67) and dCREB1, have less homology to mammalian CREB and CREM. It may be that dCREB2 subsumes functions of both the CREB and CREM genes in Drosophila. The mammalian CREB and CREM genes are remarkably similar to one another in several respects. It has been suggested that CREB and CREM are the product of a gene duplication event (46, 62). dCREB2 has a striking degree of amino acid sequence similarity to the CREB and CREM genes in the bZIP domain. Moreover, comparison of alternative splicing patterns among CREB, CREM and dCREB2 indicates that dCREB2 generates mRNA splicing isoforms similar to exclusive products of both CREB and CREM. Taken together, the sequence information and the splicing organization suggest that dCREB2 is an ancestor of both the mammalian CREB and CREM genes.

As discussed further herein, one phenomenon in which dCREB2 might act with enduring consequences is in long-term memory. This possibility is a particularly tempting one because recent work in Aplysia indicates that a CREB factor is likely to function in long-term facilitation by inducing an "immediate early" gene (2, 13). Recent experiments with a conditionally-expressed dCREB2-b transgene indicate that it has specific effects on long-term memory in Drosophila.

The product of the second gene described herein, dCREB1, also appears to be a member of the CREB/ATF family. Gel-retardation assays indicate that it binds specifically to CREs. It has a basic region and an adjacent leucine zipper at its carboxyl end, but this domain shows limited amino acid sequence similarity to other CREB/ATF genes. The presumed transcriptional activation domain of dCREB1 is of the acid-rich variety. Furthermore, it has no consensus phosphorylation site for PKA. dCREB1 can mediate transcriptional activation from CRE-containing reporters in the Drosophila L2 cell line, but this activation is not dependent on PKA.

A recurrent finding from work on the biology of learning and memory is the central involvement of the cAMP signal transduction pathway. In Aplysia, the cAMP second-messenger system is critically involved in neural events underlying both associative and non-associative modulation of a behavioral reflex (Kandel and Schwartz, 1982; Kandel et al., 1987; Byrne et al., 1993). In Drosophila, two mutants, dunce and rutabaga, were isolated in a behavioral screen for defects in associative learning and are lesioned in genes directly involved in cAMP metabolism (Quinn, et al., 1974; Dudai et al., 1976; Byers et al., 1981; Livingstone et al., 1984; Chen et al., 1986; Levin et al., 1992). These latter observations were extended with a reverse-genetic approach using inducible transgenes expressing peptide inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and with analyses of mutants in the PKA catalytic subunit (Drain et al., Skoulakis et al., 1993). Recent work on mammalian long-term potentiation (LTP) also has indicated a role for cAMP in synaptic plasticity (Frey et al., 1993; Huang and Kandel, 1994; Bourtchuladze et al., 1994).

The formation of long-lasting memory in animals and of long-term facilitation in Aplysia can be disrupted by drugs that interfere with transcription or translation (Agranoff et al., 1966; Barondes and Cohen, 1968; Davis and Squire, 1984; Rosenzweig and Bennett, 1984; Montarolo et al., 1986). This suggests that memory consolidation requires de novo gene expression. Considered along with the involvement of the cAMP second-messenger pathway, this requirement for newly synthesized gene products suggests a role for cAMP-dependent gene expression in long-term memory (LTM) formation.

In mammals, a subset of genes from the CREB/ATF family are known to mediate cAMP-responsive on transcription (Habener, 1990; deGroot and Sassone-Corsi, 1993). CREBs are members of the basic region-leucine zipper transcription factor superfamily (Landschulz et al., 1988). The leucine zipper domain mediates selective homo- and hetero-dimer formation among family members (Hai et al., 1989; Hai and Curran, 1991). CREB dimers bind to a conserved enhancer element (CRE) found in the upstream control region of many cAMP-responsive mammalian genes (Yamamoto et al., 1988). Some CREBs become transcriptional activators when specifically phosphorylated by PKA (Gonzalez and Montminy, 1989, Foulkes et al., 1992), while others, isoforms from the CREM gene, are functional antagonists of these PKA-responsive activators (Foulkes et al., 1991; Foulkes and Sassone-Corsi, 1992).

Work in Aplysia has shown that cAMP-responsive transcription is involved in long-term synaptic plasticity (Schacher et al., 1988; Dash et al, 1990). A primary neuronal co-culture system has been used to study facilitation of synaptic transmission between sensory and motor neurons comprising the monosynaptic component of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex. Injection of oligonucleotides containing CRE sites into the nucleus of the sensory neuron specifically blocked long-term facilitation (Dash et al., 1990). This result suggests that titration of CREB activity might disrupt long-term synaptic plasticity.

Described herein is the cloning and characterization of a Drosophila CREB gene, dCREB2. This gene produces several isoforms that share overall structural homology and nearly complete amino acid identity in the basic region-leucine zipper with mammalian CREBs. The dCREB2-a isoform is a PKA-responsive transcriptional activator whereas the dCREB2-b product blocks PKA-responsive transcription by dCREB2-a in cell culture. These molecules with opposing activities are similar in function to isoforms of the mammalian CREM gene (Foulkes et al., 1991; Foulkes and Sassone-Corsi, 1992; Foulkes et al., 1992). The numerous similarities in sequence and function between dCREB2 and mammalian CREBs suggest that cAMP-responsive transcription is evolutionarily conserved.

To investigate the role of CREBs in long-term memory (LTM) formation in Drosophila, dominant-negative transgenic lines which express dCREB2-b under the control of a heat-shock promoter (hs-dCREB2-b) were generated. Groups of flies, which had been heat-shock induced or left uninduced, were tested for memory retention after Pavlovian olfactory learning. This acute induction regimen minimized potential complications from inappropriate expression of dCREB2-b during development and allowed a clear assessment of the effect of hs-dCREB2-b induction on memory formation.

In Drosophila, consolidated memory after olfactory learning is composed of two genetically distinct components: anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-term memory (LTM) (Tully et al., 1994). ARM decays to zero within four days after training, and formation of ARM is insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) but is disrupted by the radish mutation (Folkers et al., 1993). In contrast, LTM shows essentially no decay over at least seven days, its formation is cycloheximide-sensitive and it is not disrupted by radish. Tully et al. (1994) employed two different training protocols involving massed and spaced sessions (Ebbinghaus, 1885; Baddeley, 1976) to dissect memory formation. The massed training procedure consists of ten consecutive training cycles with no rest interval between them, while the spaced training protocol consists of the same number of sessions but with a 15-minute rest between each. Their genetic dissection revealed that the massed protocol produced only ARM, while the spaced protocol produced memory retention composed of both ARM and LTM.

The behavioral results show that formation of LTM is completely blocked by induced expression of hs-dCREB2-b. This effect is remarkable in its behavioral specificity. ARM, a form of consolidated memory genetically distinguishable from LTM, but co-existing with it one-day after spaced training, was not affected. Learning and peripheral behaviors likewise were normal. Thus, the effect of the induced hs-dCREB2-b transgene is specific to LTM.

Induction of the mutant blocker did not affect LTM. This result, together with the molecular data which showed that induction of the wild-type blocker did not have widespread effects on transcription, suggests that the blocker is reasonably specific at the molecular level when it specifically blocks LTM. The wild-type blocker may disrupt cAMP-dependent transcription in vivo, since it can block cAMP-responsive transcription in cell culture. It is reasonable to infer that dimerization is necessary for blocker function and that the wild-type blocker could interfere with cAMP-responsive transcription either by forming heterodimers with dCREB2-a, the activator, or by forming homodimers and competing for DNA binding with homodimers of dCREB2-a. In any case, the molecular target(s) of dCREB2-b are likely to be interesting because of the behavioral specificity of the block of LTM.

Based on work in Aplysia, a model has been proposed to describe the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the transition from short-term, protein synthesis-independent to long-term, protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity (Alberini et al., 1994). The present work in Drosophila on long-term memory extends this model to the whole organism. Important molecular aspects of this transition seem to involve migration of the catalytic subunit of PKA into the nucleus (Backsai et al., 1993) and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of CREB-family members (Dash et al., 1990; Kaang et al., 1992). In flies, it is likely that the endogenous dCREB2-a isoform is one of these nuclear targets. Activated dCREB2-a molecules then might transcribe other target genes, including the immediate early genes--as is apparently the case in Aplysia. (Alberini et al., 1994).

It is remarkable that the cAMP signal transduction pathway, including its nuclear components, seem to be required for memory-related functions in each of these species and behavioral tasks. Taken together with cellular analyses of a long-lasting form of LTP in hippocampal slices (Frey et al., 1993; Huang and Kandel, 1994), the emerging picture is that cAMP-responsive transcription is a conserved molecular switch involved in the consolidation of short-term memory to long-term memory.

Nitric Oxide in Invertebrates: Drosophila dNOS Gene Codes for a Ca²⁺ /Calmodulin-Dependent Nitric Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous mediator of a wide variety of biological processes in mammalian organisms. Applicants have cloned the Drosophila gene, dNOS, coding for a Ca²⁺ /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Presence of a functional NOS gene in Drosophila provides conclusive evidence that invertebrates synthesize NO and presumably use it as a messenger molecule. Furthermore, conservation of an alternative RNA splicing pattern between dNOS and vertebrate neuronal NOS, suggests broader functional homology in biochemistry and/or regulation of NOS.

NO is synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) during conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline (1). Biochemical characterization of NOSs has distinguished two general classes: (i) constitutive, dependent on exogenous Ca²⁺ and calmodulin and (ii) inducible, independent of exogenous Ca²⁺ and calmodulin. Analyses of cDNA clones have identified at least three distinct NOS genes in mammals (2, 3, 4, 5) neuronal, endothelial and macrophage, the former two of which are constitutive and the latter of which is inducible. The nomenclature for these different isoforms used here is historical, as it is clear now that one or more isoforms can be present in the same tissues (6).

As a diffusible free-radical gas, NO is a multifunctional messenger affecting many aspects of mammalian physiology for reviews, see (7)!. NO originally was identified as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor responsible for regulation of vascular tone (8) and as a factor involved with macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (9). Since NO has been implicated in several physiological processes including inhibition of platelet aggregation, promotion of inflammation, inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and regulation of microcirculation in kidney (10). More recently, NO also has been shown to play a role in cell-cell interactions in mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems--in regulating neurotransmitter release, modulation of NMDA receptor-channel functions, neurotoxicity, nonadrenergic noncholonergic intestinal relaxation (11) and activity-dependent regulation of neuronal gene expression (12). Recent reports of NO function in synaptogenesis and in apoptosis during development of the rat CNS (13) suggest that NO regulates activity-dependent mechanism(s) underlying the organization of fine-structure in the cortex (14). NO also appears to be involved with long-term potentiation in hippocampus and long-term depression in cerebellum, two forms of synaptic plasticity that may underlie behavioral plasticity (15). Consistent with these cellular studies, inhibition of NOS activity has been shown to disrupt learning and memory (16).

Many of the above conclusions are based on pharmacological studies using inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases or donors of NO. Interpretations of such studies usually are limited because the drugs interact with more than one target and they cannot be delivered to specific sites. A molecular genetic approach can overcome these problems, however, by disrupting a specific gene, the product of which may be one of the drug's targets. Recently, such an approach has been attempted in mice via generation of a knock-out mutation of the neuronal NOS (nNOS) (17). While nNOS mutants appeared fully viable and fertile, minor defects in stomach morphology and hippocampal long-term potentiation were detected (17, 18). Moreover, some NOS enzymatic activity still was present in certain regions of the brain, suggesting a role for other NOS genes in the CNS. While yielding some relevant information about one specific component of NO function, this nNOS disruption existed throughout development. Consequently, functional defects of NOS disruption in adults could not be resolved adequately from structural defects arising during development. Genetic tools exist in Drosophila, in contrast, to limit disruptions of gene functions temporally or spatially.

To identify candidate Drosophila NOS homologs, a fragment of the rat neuronal NOS cDNA (2) was hybridized at low stringency to a phage library of the Drosophila genome as described in Example 3 (19). The rat cDNA fragment encoded the binding domains of FAD and NADPH (amino acids 979-1408 of SEQ ID NO.:11), which are cofactors required for NOS activity, and therefore were expected to be conserved in fruit flies. Several Drosophila genomic clones were identified with the rat probe and classified into eight contigs. Sequence analysis of three restriction fragments from these genomic clones revealed one (2.4R) with high homology to mammalian NOSs. The deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF encoded within the 2.4R fragment indicated 40% identity to the rat neuronal NOS and binding sites for FAD and NADPH.

The 2.4R DNA fragment then was used to probe a Drosophila adult head cDNA library as described in Example 3 (19), and eight clones were isolated. Restriction analysis indicated that all contained identical inserts and thus, defined a predominant transcript expressed by this Drosophila gene. One clone (c5.3) was sequenced in both directions. The 4491 bp cDNA contained one long ORF of 4350 bp. The methionine initiating this ORF was preceded by ACAAG which is a good match to the translation start consensus (A/CAAA/C) for Drosophila genes (20). Conceptual translation of this ORF yielded a protein of 1350 amino acids with a molecular weight of 151,842 Da.

Comparison of the amino acid sequence of this deduced Drosophila protein (DNOS; SEQ ID NO.:9) to sequences of mammalian NOSs revealed that DNOS is 43% identical to neuronal NOS (SEQ ID NO.:11), 40% identical to endothelial NOS (SEQ ID NO.:10) and 39% identical to macrophage NOS (SEQ ID NO.:12). It also revealed similar structural motifs in DNOS (FIGS. 15A1-15A3). The C-terminal half of the DNOS protein contains regions of high homology corresponding to the presumptive FMN-, FAD- and NADPH-binding sites. Amino acids thought to be important for making contacts with FAD and NADPH in mammalian NOSs (2, 3, 4, 5) are conserved in DNOS. The middle section of DNOS, between residues 215 and 746 of SEQ ID NO.:9, showed the highest similarity to mammalian NOSs: it is 61% identical to the neuronal isoform and 53% identical to endothelial and macrophage isoforms. Sequences corresponding to the proposed heme- and calmodulin-binding sites in mammalian enzymes are well-conserved in DNOS. The region located between residues 643-671 of SEQ ID NO.:9 has the characteristics of a calmodulin-binding domain (basic, amphiphilic α-helix) (21). The amino acid sequence between these two sites is very well conserved among all four NOS proteins, suggesting the location of functionally important domains such as the arginine-binding site (3), tetrahydrobiopterine cofactor binding site or a dimerization domain. DNOS also has a PKA consensus site (22) (at Ser-287 of SEQ ID NO.:9) in a position similar to neuronal and endothelial NOSs.

The 214 amino acid N-terminal domain of DNOS shows no obvious homology to its equivalent portion of neuronal NOS or to the much shorter N-terminal domains of endothelial and macrophage NOSs. This region of DNOS contains an almost uninterrupted homopolymeric stretch of 24 glutamine residues. Such glutamine-rich domains, found in many Drosophila and vertebrate proteins, have been implicated in protein-protein interactions regulating the activation of transcription (23). Thus, this domain of DNOS could be involved with protein-protein interactions necessary for localization and/or regulation of DNOS activity.

The above sequence comparisons suggest that we have identified a Drosophila structural homolog of a vertebrate NOS gene. The order of the putative functional domains in the DNOS protein is identical to that of mammalian enzymes (FIG. 15B). Structural predictions based on several protein algorithms also indicate that general aspects of DNOS protein secondary structure (hydrophobicity plot, distribution of α-helixes and β-strands) from the putative heme-binding domain to the C-terminus are similar to those of mammalian NOSs (data not shown). DNOS also does not contain a transmembrane domain, as is the case for vertebrate NOSs. In addition to these general characteristics, several aspects of DNOS structure actually render it most like neuronal NOS: (i) the overall sequence similarity, (ii) the similarity of the putative calmodulin-binding site (55% identical to the neuronal NOS vs. 45% identical to endothelial NOS or vs. 27% identical to macrophage NOS) and (iii) the large N-terminal domain. Neuronal NOS and DNOS also do not contain sites for N-terminal myristoylation, which is the case for endothelial NOS (3), nor do they have a deletion in the middle of the protein, which is the case for macrophage NOS (5).

To establish that Applicants putative DNOS protein had nitric oxide synthase activity, the dNOS cDNA was expressed in 293 human embryonic kidney cells as described in Example 3 (24), which have been used routinely in studies of mammalian NOSs (2). Protein extracts prepared from dNOS-transfected 293 cells as described in Example 3, contained a 150 kD polypeptide, which was recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised against the N-terminal domain of DNOS (FIG. 16A, lane 293+dNOS) (25). This immunoreactive polypeptide was of a size expected for DNOS and was absent from cells transfected with just the PCGN vector alone (lane 293+vector).

Extracts made from dNOS-transfected 293 cells showed significant NO synthase activity, as measured by the L-arginine to L-citrulline conversion assay as described in Example 3 (26) (0.1276±0.002 pmol/mg/min; FIG. 16B, group B). In a parallel experiment, the specific activity of rat neuronal NOS expressed from the same vector in 293 cells was 3.0±0.02 pmol/mg/min, N=4!. DNOS activity was dependent on exogenous Ca²⁺ /calmodulin and on NADPH, two cofactors necessary for activity of constitutive mammalian NOSs (27, 28). DNOS activity was reduced 90% by the Ca²⁺ chelator EGTA (FIG. 16B, group C). Also, 500 μM N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W5), a calmodulin antagonist which inhibits activity of neuronal NOS (28), diminished DNOS activity to 18% (0.0222±0.001 pmol/mg/min, N=2). In the absence of exogenous NADPH, DNOS (or nNOS) activity was reduced 20% (0.1061±0.011 pmol/mg/min, N=4 for DNOS; 2.7935±0.033 pmol/mg/min, N=2 for nNOS). DNOS activity also was blocked by inhibitors of mammalian NOSs (29). N^(G) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) reduced DNOS activity 84% (FIG. 16B, group D), and 100 μM N^(G-) monomethyl-L-arginine acetate produced a complete block (0.0001±0.0002 pmol/mg/min, N=2). These enzymatic data demonstrate that DNOS is a Ca²⁺ /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase.

Northern blot analysis indicated a 5.0 kb dNOS transcript which was expressed predominantly in adult fly heads but not bodies (FIG. 17A). More sensitive RT-PCR experiments as described in Example 3 (30), however, detected dNOS message in poly(A)⁺ RNA from fly bodies (data not shown). Neuronal NOS genes from mice and humans produce two alternatively spliced transcripts, the shorter one of which yields a protein containing a 105 amino acid in-frame deletion (residues 504-608 SEQ ID NO.:15 in mouse or rat neuronal NOS) (31). RT-PCR amplification of Drosophila head mRNA produced two DNA fragments: the 444 bp fragment corresponded to vertebrate long form and the 129 bp fragment corresponded to vertebrate short form (FIG. 17B). Conceptual translation of the 129 bp sequence confirmed a splicing pattern identical to that for the nNOS gene (FIG. 17C; SEQ ID NOS.:13-16). Presence of the short NOS isoform in Drosophila strengthens the notion that it may play an important role in NOS biochemistry.

The discovery of a NOS homolog in Drosophila provides definitive proof that invertebrates produce NO and, as suggested by recent reports, most likely use it for intercellular signaling. These data also suggest that a NOS gene was present in an ancestor common to vertebrates and arthropods, implying that NOS has existed for at least 600 million years. Thus, it is expected that NOS genes are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom.

Consistent with this view are existing histochemical data. NOS activity has been detected in several invertebrate tissue extracts: in Lymulus polyphemus (32), in the locust brain (33), in the salivary gland of Rhodnius prolixus (34) and in various tissues of Lymnaea stagnalis (35). Applications of NOS inhibitors or NO-generating substances have been shown to modulate the activity of buccal motoneurones in Lymnaea stagnalis (35) and the oscillatory dynamics of olfactory neurons in procerebral lobe of Limax maximus (36). NADPH-diaphorase staining, a relatively specific indicator of NOS protein in fixed vertebrate tissue samples (37), also has suggested the presence of NOS in Drosophila heads (38). The present molecular cloning of dNOS considerably strengthens the validity of these observations.

Sophisticated genetic analyses of NOS function are available in Drosophila. Classical genetics will allow the creation of point mutations and deletions in dNOS, resulting in full or partial loss of dNOS function. Such mutations will permit detailed studies of the role of NOS during development.

Complete citations for each of the references cited herein are provided after the examples. They are indicated in the text either by number or by author and year. List 1 is references for work relating to cloning and characterization of dCREP genes as described in Example 1. List 2 is references for work relating to induction of dominant-negative CREB transgene and specific blocking of long-term memory, as described in Example 2. List 3 is references for work relating to the dNOS gene, as described in Example 3.

The present invention will now be illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation and Characterization of dCREB2 and dCREB1

Materials and Methods

Expression cloning of dCREB1 and dCREB2. Standard protocols for expression cloning by DNA-binding (4, 66) were followed except as noted. A double-stranded, 3xCRE oligonucleotide was synthesized and cloned between the XbaI and KpnI sites of pGEM7Zf+ (Promega). The sequence of one strand of the oligonucleotide was 5' CGTCTAGATCTATGACTGAATA TGACGTAATATGACGTAATGGTACCAGATCTGGCC 3' (SEQ ID NO.:17), with the CRE sites underlined. The oligonucleotide was excised as a BglII/HindIII fragment and labeled by filling-in the overhanging ends with Klenow fragment in the presence of α³² P!dGTP, α³² P!dCTP and unlabeled DATP and dTTP (4). Just prior to use, the labeled fragment was preabsorbed to blank nitrocellulose filters to reduce background binding. All other steps were as described (4). After secondary and tertiary lifts, positive clones were subcloned into pKS+ (Stratagene) and sequenced.

Gel shift analysis. Gel-mobility shift assays were performed as in (4) with the following modifications. The 4% polyacrylamide gel (crosslinking ratio 80:1) was cast and run using 5x Tris-glycine buffer (4) supplemented with 3 mM MgCl₂. The oligonucleotides used as the DNA probes were boiled and slowly cooled to room temperature at a concentration of 50 μg/ml in 0.1M NaCl. 50 ng of double-stranded probe was end-labeled using polynucleotide kinase in the presence of 100 μCi of γ³² P!ATP. The double-stranded oligonucleotides were purified on a native polyacrylamide gel and used in a mobility shift assay at about 0.5 ng/reaction.

For dCREB2, the original dCREB2-b CDNA was subcloned and subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to introduce restriction sites immediately 5' and 3' of the open reading frame. This open reading frame was subcloned into the pET11A expression vector (Novagen) and used to induce expression of the protein in bacteria. The cells containing this vector were grown at 30° C. to an approximate density of 2×10⁸ /ml and heat-induced at 37° C. for 2 hours. The cells were collected by centrifugation and lysed according to (8). The crude extract was clarified by centrifugation and loaded onto a DEAE column previously equilibrated with 50 mM TrisHCl, pH 8.0, 10% sucrose, 100 mM KCl. Step elutions with increasing amounts of KCl in the same buffer were used to elute the dCREB2-b protein, which was assayed using the gel mobility-shift assay. The peak fraction was dialyzed against the loading buffer and used in the binding experiment. The specific competitor that was used was the wild-type CRE oligonucleotide. The sequence of one strand of the double-stranded oligonucleotides used in the gel shift analysis are listed. For the first two oligonucleotides, wild-type and mutant CREs are underlined. Wild-type 3xCRE (SEQ ID NO.:18): 5'AAATGACGTAA CGGAAATGACGTAACGGAAATGACGTAA CG 3'; Mutant 3xmCRE (SEQ ID NO.:19): 5' AAATGAATTAACGGAAATGAATTAACGGAAA TGAATTAACGG 3'; Nonspecific competitor #1 (SEQ ID NO.:20): 5' TGCACGGGTTTTCGACGTTCACTGGT AGTGTCTGATGAGGCCGAAAGGCCGAAACGCGATGCCCATAACCACCACGCTCAG 3'; Nonspecific competitor #2 (SEQ ID NO.:21): 5'TCGACCCACAGTTTCGGGTTTTCG AGCAAGTCTGCTAGTGTCTGATGAGGCCGAAAGGCCGAAACGCGAAGCCGTATTGCACC ACGCTCATCGAGAAGGC 3'; Nonspecific competitor #3 (SEQ ID NO.:22): 5' CTAGAGCTTGCAAGCATGCTTGCAAGCAAGCATGCTTGCAAGCATGCTTGCAAGC 3'; Nonspecific competitor #4 (SEQ ID NO.:23): 5° CTCTAGAGCGTACGCAAGCGTAC GCAAGCGTACG 3'

For dCREB1, heat-induced bacterial extracts (4) were made from the original phage clone integrated by lysogeny. Extract from a bacteria lysogenized with another plaque (which did not bind to CRE sites) from the screen was used as a negative control. Competition experiments were done using a 4-100 fold molar excess (relative to the probe) of unlabeled, wild-type CRE oligonucleotides or unlabeled, mutant CRE oligonucleotides.

Northern blots. Total head and body RNA was isolated from flies according to the protocol of (17). Total RNA from all other developmental stages was a gift from Eric Schaeffer. All RNA samples were selected twice on oligo-dT columns (5 Prime-3 Prime) to isolate poly A+ RNA. Two μg of poly A+ RNA was fractionated on 1.2% formaldehyde-formamide agarose gels, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed using an uniformly labeled, strand-specific, antisense RNA (aRNA) probe. The template for the synthesis of aRNA was one of the partial cDNA clones isolated from the library screen (pJY199). This cDNA contained the carboxyl-terminal 86 amino acids of the dCREB2-b protein and about 585 bp of 3' untranslated mRNA. All Northern blots were washed at high stringency (0.1% SDS, 0.1×SSC, 65° C.).

In situ hybridization to tissue sections. Frozen frontal sections were cut and processed under RNAse-free conditions, essentially as described in (58), with modifications for riboprobes as noted here. Digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were made from pJY199 using the Genius kit (Boehringer-Mannheim). One μg of Xba-linearized template and T3 RNA polymerase was used to make the antisense probe, while one μg of EcoRI-linearized template together with T7 RNA polymerase was used for the control sense probe. Alkaline hydrolysis (30 minutes at 60° C.) was used to reduce the average probe size to about 200 bases. The hydrolyzed probe was diluted 1:250 in hybridization solution (58), boiled, quickly cooled on ice, added to the slides and hybridized at 42° C. overnight. The slides were then treated with RNAse A (20 μg/ml RNAse A in 0.5M NaCl/10mM Tris pH8 for 1 hour at 37° C.) prior to two 50° C. washes. Digoxigenin detection was as described.

RT-PCR analysis of dCREB2 and identification of alternatively spliced exons. The template for RT-PCR was total RNA or poly A+ RNA isolated from Drosophila heads as in (17). Total RNA used was exhaustively digested with RNase-free DNase I (50 μg of RNA digested with 50 units of DNase I for 60-90' at 37° C. followed by phenol, phenol/chloroform extraction, and ethanol precipitation) prior to use. Results from separate experiments indicate that this DNase-treatment effectively eliminates the possibility of PCR products derived from any contaminating genomic DNA. Two rounds of selection using commercial oligo-dT columns (5 Prime-3 Prime) were used to isolate poly A+ RNA from total RNA. The template for an individual reaction was either 100-200 μg of total RNA, or 10-20 μg of poly A+ RNA.

The RT-PCR reactions were performed following the specifications of the supplier (Perkin-Elmer) with a "Hot Start" modification (Perkin-Elmer RT-PCR kit instructions). All components of the RT reaction, except the rTth enzyme, were assembled at 75° C., and the reaction was initiated by adding the enzyme and lowering the temperature to 70° C. At the end of 15 minutes, the preheated (to 75° C.) PCR components (including trace amounts of α³² P!dCTP) were added quickly, the reaction tubes were put into a preheated thermocycler, and the PCR amplification begun. Cycling parameters for reactions (100 μl total volume) in a Perkin-Elmer 480 thermocycler were 94° C. for 60 seconds, followed by 70° C. for 90 seconds. For reactions (50 μl) in an MJ Minicycler the parameters were 94° C. for 45 seconds and 70° C. for 90 seconds.

All primers used in these procedures were designed to have 26 nucleotides complementary to their target sequence. Some primers had additional nucleotides for restriction sites at their 5' ends to facilitate subsequent cloning of the products. Primers were designed to have about 50% GC content, with a G or C nucleotide at their 3' most end and with no G/C runs longer than 3. For RT-PCR reactions with a given pair of primers, the Mg⁺² concentration was optimized by running a series of pilot reactions, at Mg⁺² concentrations ranging from 0.6 mM to 3.0 mM. Reaction products were analyzed on denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gels by autoradiography. Any product that appeared larger than the band predicted from the cDNA sequence was purified from a preparative native gel, re-amplified using the same primers, gel-purified, subcloned and sequenced.

To verify that a given RT-PCR product was truly derived from RNA, control reactions were run to show that the appearance of the product was eliminated by RNase A treatment of the template RNA. Also, products generated from reactions using total RNA as the template were reisolated from reactions using twice-selected polyA+RNA as template.

Plasmids. Expression constructs for transient transfection experiments in Drosophila were made in the expression vector pAct5CPPA (35) or in pAcQ. pAcQ is a close derivative of pAct5CPPA in which the XbaI site at the 5' end of the 2.5 kb actin promoter fragment was destroyed and additional sites were inserted in the polylinker. pAc-dCREB1 was made by subcloning a KpnI-SacI fragment containing the complete dCRED1 open reading frame (from a cDNA subcloned into pKS+) into pAct5CPPA. pAc-PKA was constructed by subcloning an EcoRV fragment encoding the Drosophila PKA catalytic subunit (23) from a modified pHSREM1 construct (17) into pAct5CPPA. To make the 3xCRE-lacZ reporter construct for Drosophila cell culture, the double-stranded, wild-type 3xCRE oligonucleotide used in the gel shift analysis was cloned into the KpnI-XbaI backbone of HZ50PL (37), a reporter construct made for enhancer testing which has cloning sites in front of a minimal hsp70 promoter-lacZ fusion gene.

RSV-dCREB2-a was constructed in a long series of cloning steps. Details of the construction are available upon request. Essentially, the activator-encoding open reading frame was first reconstructed on the plasmid pKS+ by sequentially adding each of the three exons (exons 2, 4 and 6) into the original cDNA of dCREB2-b, which had been subcloned from phage DNA into pKS+. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce unique restriction enzyme sites both 5' and 3' of the dCREB2-b open reading frame, and these sites facilitated the subcloning process and allowed removal of 5' and 3' untranslated sequences. Once the activator was assembled, the resulting open reading frame was sequenced to confirm the cloning steps and moved into a modified RSV vector which contained a polylinker located between the RSV promoter and the SV40 polyadenylation sequences (RSV-0). RSV-dCREB2-b was made by moving the original dCREB2-b cDNA (which had been subcloned into pKS+) into RSV-0.

Other constructs used in experiments were: pCaE (pMtC) (52), which contains the cDNA for mouse PKA catalytic subunit cloned under the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter; RSV-βgal (20), which expresses the lacZ gene under control of the Rous sarcoma long terminal repeat promoter (29); RSV-CREB (28) is a CREB cDNA fragment containing the 341-amino acid open reading frame under the RSV LTR-promoter in RSV-SG, and the D(-71) CAT reporter (56) which is a fusion of a CRE-containing fragment of the rat somatostatin promoter and the bacterial CAT coding region.

F9 cell culture and transfection. Undifferentiated F9 cells were maintained and transfected using the calcium phosphate method as described in (12), except that chloroquine was added to 100 mM immediately before transfection and precipitates were washed off ten hours after transfection, at which time the dishes received fresh chloroquine-free medium. Amounts of DNA in transfections were made equivalent by adding RSV-0 where required. Cells were harvested 30 hours after transfection. Extracts were made by three cycles of freeze/thawing, with brief vortexing between cycles. Particulate matter was cleared from extracts by ten minutes of centrifugation in the cold. β-galactosidase assays were performed as described in (53). CAT assays were performed as described in (65) using aliquots of extract heat-treated at 65° C. for ten minutes and centrifuged for ten minutes to remove debris. Results reported are from three experiments run on different days with at least three dishes per condition within each experiment. Error bars represent standard error of the mean, with error propagation taken into account (30).

Drosophila cell culture and transient transfection. Schneider L2 cells in Schneider's medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or Kc167 cells in D-22 medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% FBS, were transfected by the calcium phosphate method essentially as described in (41), with the following differences. Kc167 cells were plated at 2×10⁶ cells/ml and chloroquine was added to a final concentration of 100 mM immediately prior to transfection. We used a total of 10 g of plasmid DNA per dish for L2 transfections and 25 kg per dish for Kc167 transfections. DNA masses in transfections were made equivalent with pGEM7Zf+ where required. Precipitates were left undisturbed on L2 cells until harvest, but for Kc167 cells the original medium was replaced with fresh, chloroquine-free medium after twelve hours. Cells were harvested thirty-six to forty-eight hours after transfection. Extracts were made and enzymatic assays performed as described above for F9 cells. Results reported for transfections are averages of at least three experiments run on different days, with at least duplicate dishes for each condition within experiments. Error bars represent standard error of the mean, with error propagation taken into account (30).

β-galactosidase (βgal) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assays. β-galactosidase assays were run and activity calculated as described in (53). CAT assays were performed essentially according to (65) using supernatants from heat-treated aliquots of extracts (65° C. for 10 minutes and then centrifuged for 10 minutes). Relative activity was calculated according to (65).

Results

Expression cloning of dCREB2 and dCREB1. Two different genes were isolated in a DNA-binding expression screen of a Drosophila head cDNA library using a probe containing three CRE sites (3xCRE). Many clones were obtained for the dCREB2 gene, while only one clone was obtained for dCREB1. The dCREB2 clones had two alternatively spliced open reading frames, dCREB2-b and dCREB2-c (see FIG. 4). These differed only in the presence or absence of exon 4 and in their 5' and 3' untranslated regions. The inferred translation product of dCREB2-b showed very high sequence similarity to the amino acid sequences of the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) domains of mammalian CREB (SEQ ID NO.:4), CREM (SEQ ID NO.: 5) and ATF-1 (SEQ ID NO.:6) (see FIG. 3B).

Chromosomal in situ hybridization using a dCREB2 probe localized the gene to a diffuse band at 17A2 on the X chromosome (data not shown), a region which contains several lethal complementation groups (19).

DNA binding properties of dCREB2-b. The DNA binding activity of dCREB2-b was assayed using a gel mobility-shift assay (FIG. 1A). Bacterial extracts expressing the dCREB2-b protein retarded the migration of a triplicated CRE probe (3xCRE). The protein had lower, but detectable, affinity for a mutated 3xCRE oligonucleotide (compare lanes 1 and 2). Competition experiments using unlabeled competitor oligonucleotides showed that the binding of dCREB2-b to 3xCRE was specific (lanes 3-12) with higher affinity for CRE sites than to nonspecific DNA. Together with the conserved amino acid sequence, this functional similarity suggested that dCREB2 was a CREB family member.

Expression pattern of dCREB2. Northern blot analysis of poly A+RNA from various developmental stages (FIG. 2A) showed a complex pattern with at least 12 different transcript sizes. Two bands of approximately 0.8 and 3.5 kb were common to all of the stages. The adult head contained transcripts of at least six sizes (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3 and 3.5 kb). In situ hybridization to RNA in Drosophila head tissue sections showed staining in all cells. In the brain, cell bodies but not neuropil were stained (FIG. 2B).

dCREB2 has alternatively-spliced forms. Initial transfection experiments showed that the dCREB2-c isoform as not a PKA-responsive transcriptional activator. This information, together with the complex developmental expression pattern and the known use of alternative splicing of the CREM gene to generate PKA-responsive activators (24, 26) suggested that additional domains might be required to code for an activator.

Reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify new exons. Comparison of the genomic DNA sequence with that of cDNAs indicated the general exon/intron organization and assisted in the search for additional exons. Sense and antisense primers spaced across the dCREB2-b cDNA were synthesized and used pairwise in RT-PCR reactions primed with Drosophila head RNA. Reactions with primers in exons 5 and 7 (see FIG. 4) generated two products, one with the predicted size (compared with the cDNA clones) and one that was larger. The larger fragment was cloned and its sequence suggested the presence of exon 6 (see FIG. 3a; SEQ ID NO.: 1). A primer within exon 6 was synthesized, end-labeled and used to screen a Drosophila head cDNA library. Two clones were isolated, sequenced and found to be identical. This splicing isoform, dCREB2-d, confirmed the splice junctions and exon sequence inferred from the RT-PCR products.

Initial attempts to isolate exon 2 proved difficult. The genomic sequence that separated exons 1 and 3 (see FIG. 4) was examined and one relatively extensive open reading frame (ORF) was identified. Three antisense primers, only one of which lay inside this ORF, were synthesized based on the intron sequence. Three sets of RT-PCR reactions were run in parallel, each using one of the three antisense primers and a sense primer in exon 1. Only the reaction that used the antisense primer in the ORF produced a PCR product. The sequence of this product matched a continuous stretch of nucleotides from the genomic sequence, extending 3' from exon 1 past the splice junction in the dCREB2-b CDNA to the location of the antisense primer in the ORF. This fragment suggested that exon 1 might be extended in some mRNAs by use of an alternative 5' splice site located 3' to the site used to make dCREB2-b. Based on the newly-identified exon sequences, a sense primer was made. This primer was used with an antisense primer in exon 3 to generate a new product whose sequence established the location of the new 5' splice site. The sequence added to exon 1 by alternative 5' splice site selection is denoted exon 2. The exon 2 sequence also showed that the same 3' splice site was used both for the original cDNA and for exon 2. To independently verify this alternative splicing pattern, we carried out RT-PCR with a primer that spanned the 3' splice junction of exon 2 and a primer in exon 1. The sequence of the product corroborated the splice junctions of exon 2 shown in FIG. 3a (SEQ ID NO.:1).

To determine if exons 2 and 6 could be spliced into the same molecule, we carried out an RT-PCR reaction with primers in exons 2 and 6. The reaction produced a product of the size predicted by coordinate splicing of these two exons and the identity of this product was confirmed by extensive restriction analysis.

dCREB2 is a Drosophila CREB/ATF gene. FIG. 3a shows the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO.:1) and inferred amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.:2) of dCREB2-a, the longest ORF that can result from the identified alternative splicing events. The indicated translation start site for this ORF is probably authentic because: i) stop codons occur upstream from this ATG in all reading frames in our dCREB2 cDNAs (sequences not shown) ii) this ATG was selected by computer (65) as the best ribosome binding site in the DNA sequence that contains the ORF; and iii) use of the next ATG in the open reading frame 480 nucleotides downstream would not produce an inferred product that is a PKA-dependent activator (see below). This information does not exclude the possibility that internal translation initiation sites may be used in this transcript, as happens in the CREM gene's S-CREM isoform (15).

The dCREB2-a open reading frame predicts a protein of 361 amino acids with a carboxyl-terminal bZIP domain (SEQ ID NO.:3) highly homologous to those of mammalian CREB (SEQ ID NO.:4) and CREM (SEQ ID NO.: 5) (see FIG. 3b). The inferred dCREB2-a product has a small region of amino acids containing consensus phosphorylation sites (59) for PKA, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM kinase II) and protein kinase C (PKC) at a position similar to that of the P-box in CREB, CREM and ATF-1. The amino-terminal third of the predicted dCREB2-a is rich in glutamines (including runs of four and five residues). Glutamine-rich activation domains occur in CREB, CREM, and other eukaryotic transcription factors, including some from Drosophila (11,54).

A computerized amino acid sequence homology search (71) with the predicted dCREB2-a protein sequence identifies CREB, CREM and ATF-1 gene products as the closest matches to dCREB2-a. The homology is particularly striking in the carboxyl-terminal bZIP domain where 49 of 54 amino acids are identical with their counterparts in mammalian CREB (FIG. 3b). The homology is less striking, albeit substantial, in the activation domain. Lower conservation in this domain is also characteristic of the mammalian CREB and CREM genes (48).

FIG. 4 shows the exon organization of all of the dCREB2 alternative splice forms that we have detected, both as cDNAs and by RT-PCR. Splice products of dCREB2 fall into two broad categories. One class of transcripts (dCREB2-a, -b, -c, -d) employs alternative splicing of exons 2, 4 and 6 to produce isoforms whose protein products all have the bZIP domains attached to different versions of the activation domain. The second class of transcripts (dCREB2-q, -r, -s) all have splice sites which result in in-frame stop codons at various positions upstream of the bZIP domain. These all predict truncated activation domains without dimeriation or DNA binding activity.

Two different dCREB2 isoforms, dCREB2-a and dCREB2-b, have opposite roles in PKA-responsive transcription. The capacity of isoforms of the dCREB2 gene to mediate PKA-responsive transcription was tested in F9 cells. These cells have been used extensively to study CREB-dependent activation because their endogenous cAMP-responsive transcription system is inactive (28, 49, 50). Candidate cAMP-responsive transcription factors, synthesized from expression vectors, were transiently transfected with and without a construct expressing the PKA catalytic subunit. CREB-dependent changes in gene expression were measured using a cotransfected construct that has a CRE-containing promoter fused to a reporter gene.

The product of the dCREB2-a isoform is a PKA-dependent activator of transcription (FIG. 5). Transfection of PKA or dCREB2-a alone gave only modest activation above baseline values. Cotransfection of dCREB2-a and PKA together, however, gave levels of activation 5.4-fold greater than the activation seen with PKA alone.

dCREB2-b did not act as a PKA-dependent transactivator. When transfected together with the reporter and PKA, it failed to stimulate reporter activity (data not shown). Instead, it functioned as a direct antagonist of PKA-dependent activation by dCREB2-a (FIG. 6). Cotranfection of equimolar amounts of the dCREB2-a and dCREB2-b expression constructs, along with PKA and the reporter, resulted in a nearly complete block of PKA-dependent activation from the CRE-containing reporter.

The strong homology between the leucine zippers of dCREB2 (SEQ ID NO.:3), CREB (SEQ ID NO.:4) and CREM (SEQ ID NO.:5) (see FIG. 3b) suggested that mutations which abolish CREB dimerization (18) should also affect dCREB2 dimerization. The mutant Drosophila molecule mLZ-dCREB2-b was made by introducing two single-base changes that convert the middle two leucines of the leucine zipper to valines. An identical mutation in CREB abolishes homodimerization in vitro (18). Cotransfected mLZ-dCREB2-b failed to block PKA-dependent activation by dCREB2-a (FIG. 6).

dCREB1, a non-PKA responsive CREB family member from Drosophila. A single cDNA representing the dCREB1 gene was isolated in the same screen of a Drosophila lambda gt11 expression library that yielded the dCREB2 cDNAs. The sequence of the dCREB1 cDNA contained a complete open reading frame specifying a 266 amino acid protein with a carboxyl-terminal leucine zipper four repeats long and an adjacent basic region (FIG. 7; SEQ ID NO.:7). The amino-terminal half of the inferred protein contains an acid-rich activation domain, with glutamate, asparate and proline residues spaced throughout. dCREB1 has consensus phosphorylation sites for CaM kinase II and PKC throughout its length, but has no predicted phosphoacceptor site for PKA.

Gel shift analysis showed higher-affinity biding of the dCREB1 protein to 3xCRE than to 3xmCRE (FIG. 1B). Transcriptional activation by dCREB1 was assayed with transient cotransfection experiments using the Drosophila L2 and Kc167 cell culture lines. In L2 cells, dCREB1 activates transcription from CREs, but this effect is not enhanced by cotransfection of PKA (FIG. 8). In Kc167 cells, dCREB1 fails to activate reporter expression either alone or with cotransfected PKA expression constructs (data not shown).

Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that dCREB1 is a single copy gene, and chromosomal in situ hybridization shows that it is located at 54A on the right arm of chromosome 2 (data not shown).

Example 2 Assessment of the role of CREBs in Long-Term Memory Formation

Isolating transgenic flies. EcoRI restriction sites were added (using PCR) just 5' to the putative translation initiation site and just 3' to the translation termination site in the dCREB2-b cDNA. This fragment was sequenced and subcloned into CaSpeR hs43, a mini-white transformation vector which contains the hsp70 promoter, in the orientation so that the dCREB2-b open reading frame is regulated by the hsp70 promoter. Germ-line transformation was accomplished using standard techniques (Spradling and Rubin, 1982; Rubin and Spradling,1982). Two transgenic lines, 17-2 and M11-1, each with one independent P-element insertion were generated and characterized. They appeared normal in general appearance, fertility and viability. These transgenic lines were outcrossed for at least five generations to w(CS-10) (Dura et al., 1993), which itself had been outcrossed for ten generations to a wild-type (Can-S) stock. This extensive series of outcrossing is necessary to equilibrate the genetic background to that of Canton-S. Flies homozygous for the 17-2 transgene were bred and used for all experiments.

The mutant blocker has been described previously herein (see Example 1). The mutations were substituted into an otherwise wild-type blocker construct and germ-line transformants were made by injecting into w(isoCJl) embryoes. Flies homozygous for the A2-2 transgene insertion were bred and used for all experiments. w(isoCJl) is a subline of w(CS10) (see above) carrying isogenic X, 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) chromosomes and was constructed by Dr. C. Jones in our laboratory. Originally 40 such sublines were w(CS10) using standard chromosome balancer stocks. Olfactory acuity, shock reactivity, learning and three-hr memory after one-cycle training then were assayed in each isogenic subline. As expected, a range of scores among the sublines was obtained. w(isoCJl) yielded scores that were most like those of w(CS10) on each of these assays. By injecting DNA into the relatively homogeneous genetic background of w(isoCJl), outcrossing of the resulting germ-line transformants to equilibrate heterogeneous) genetic backgrounds was not necessary.

Cycloheximide feeding and heat-shock regimen. Flies were fed cycloheximide as reported (Tully et al., 1994) except that the feeding period was limited to 12-14 hrs prior to training, or to the 24-hr retention interval after training. Flies which were fed prior to training were transferred directly to the training apparatus after feeding, subjected to massed or spaced training, then transferred to test tubes containing filter paper strips soaked with 5% glucose during the 24-hr interval. Flies which were fed after training were trained, then transferred immediately to test tubes containing filter paper strips soaked with 5% glucose solution which was laced with 35 mM CXM. Flies remained in the test tubes for the duration of the 24-hr retention interval.

For heat-shock induction, flies were collected within two days of eclosion, placed in glass bottles in groups of about 600, and incubated overnight at 25° C. and 70% relative humidity. The next day, three hours before training, groups of approximately 100 flies were transferred to foam-stoppered glass shell vials containing a strip of flter paper to absorb excess moisture. The vials then were submerged in a 37° C. water bath until the bottom of the foam stopper (inside the vial) was below the surface of the water, thereby insuring that the flies could not escape heat-shock. The vial remained submerged for 30 min, after which the flies were transferred to a standard food vial for a 3-hr recovery period at 25° C. and 70% relative humidity. Training began immediately after the recovery period.

Pavlovian learning and memory and testing: Flies were trained with an automated version of the learning procedure of Tully and Quinn (1985; Tully et al., 1994). Groups of about 100 flies were exposed sequentially to two odors anol either octanol (OCT) or methylcyclohexanol (MCH)! for 60 s with 45-s rest intervals after each odor presenation. During exposure to the first odor, flies also were subjected to twelve 1.5-s pulses of 60 V DC with a 5-s interpulse interval. After training, flies were transferred to food vials for a particular retention interval. Conditioned odor-avoidance responses then were tested by transferring flies to the choice point of a T-maze, where they were exposed simultaneously to OCT and MCH carried in the distal ends of the T-maze arms and out the choice point on converging currents of air. Flies were allowed to distribute themselves in the T-maze arms for two minutes, after which they were trapped in their respective arms, anesthetized and counted. The "percent correct" then was calculated as the number of flies avoiding the shockpaired odor (they were in the opposite T-maze arm) divided by the total number of flies in both arms. (The number of flies left at the choice point, which usually was less than 5%, were not included in this calculation). Finally, a performance index (PI) was calculated by averaging the percent corrects of two reciprocal groups of flies--one where OCT and shock were paired, the other where MCH and shock were paired--and then by normalizing the average so that a PI=0 represented a 50:50 distribution in the T-maze and a PI=100 represented 100% avoidance of the shock-paired odor. For these studies, three different training protocols were used: 1. One-cycle training consisted of the training session just described. 2. Massed training consisted of 10 of these training cycles delivered one right after the other. 3. Spaced training consisted of 10 training cycles with a 15-min rest interval between each. One-cycle training was used to assay learning, while massed and spaced was used to assay consolidated memories (Tully et al., 1994).

Olfactory acuity and shock reactivity. Odor avoidance responses to OCT or to MCH at two different concentrations --one (10°) usually used in conditioning experiments and a 100-fold (10⁻²) dilution thereof--were quantified in various groups of flies in the absence of heat shock and 3 hr or 24 hr after heat shock with the method of Boynton and Tully (1992). Briefly, flies are placed in a T-maze and given a choice between an odor and air. The odors are naturally aversive, and flies ususally choose air and avoid the T-maze arm containing the odor. For shock reactivity, flies are given a choice between an electrified grid in one T-maze arm, and an unconnected grid in the other. After the flies have distributed themselves, they are anesthetized, counted and a PI is calculated.

Statistical analyses of behavioral data. Since each PI is an average of two percentages, the Central Limit Theorem predicts that they should be distributed normally (see Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). We have determined empirically, with data from Tully and Quinn (1985) and Tully and Gold (1993), that this expectation is true. Thus, we analyzed untransformed (raw) data parametrically with JMP2.1 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary N.C.). Since preliminary experiments preceded all of the experiments summarized herein, all pairwise comparisons were planned. To maintain an experimentwise error rate of alpha=0.05, the critical P values for these individual comparisons were adjusted accordingly (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) and are listed below for each experiment.

All experiments were designed in a balanced fashion with N=2 PIs per group collected per day; then replicated days were added to generate final Ns. In each experiment, the experimenter (M.D.) was blind to genotype.

One-day memory in wild-type flies fed CXM before or immediately after massed or spaced training (FIG. 10): PIs from these four drug treatments (-CXM before, -CXM after, +CXM before and +CXM after) and two training procedures (massed and spaced) were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with DRUG (F.sub.(3.56) =8.93; P<0.001) and TRAINing (F.sub.(1.56) =18.10, P<0.001) as main effects and DRUG×TRAIN (F.sub.(3.56) =4.68, P=0.006) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in FIG. 10. The six planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

One-day memory after massed or spaced training in dCREB2-b transgenic flies (FIGS. 11A and 11B): In experiments with the 17-2 transgenic line, PIs from two strains (Can-S and 17-2) and four training-regimens (spaced-hs, spaced+hs, massed-hs and massed+hs) were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,40) =1.57; P=0.22) and TRAINing-regimen (F.sub.(3,40) =25.81, P<0.001) as main effects and STRAIN×TRAIN (F.sub.(3,40) =6.62, P=0.001) as the interaction term. A similar analysis was done with data from the M11-1 transgenic line, yielding STRAIN (F.sub.(1,40) =2.81; P=0.10), TRAINing-regimen (F.sub.(3,40) =11.97, P<0.001) and STRAIN×TRAIN (F.sub.(3,40) =3.37, P=0.03) effects. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in FIGS. 11A and 11B. In each experiment, the seven planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Learning after one-cycle training in 17-2 transgenic flies (FIG. 11C): PIs from two strains (Can-S and 17-2) and three heat-shock regimens -hs, +hs (3 hr) and+hs (24 hr)! were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,30) =0.69; P=0.41) and HEAT-shock regimen (F.sub.(2,30) =10.29, P<0.001) as main effects and STRAIN×HEAT (F.sub.(2,30) =0.71, P=0.50) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in FIG. 11C. The three planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.02.

One-day memory after spaced training in A2-2 transgenic flies (FIG. 12): PIs from these three strains w(isoCJl), 17-2 and A2-2 and two heat-shock regimens -hs and +hs (3 hr)! were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(2,30) =9.43, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen (F.sub.(1,30) =9.84, P=0.004) as main effects and STRAIN×HEAT (F.sub.(2,30) =5.71, P=0.008) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent comparisons are summarized in FIG. 12. The six planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Olfactory acuity in 17-2 flies (Table): PIs from these two strains (Can-S and 17-2), four different odor-levels (OCT-10⁰, OCT- 10⁻², MCH-10⁰ and MCH- 10⁻²) and three heat-shock regimens -hs, +hs (3 hr) and +hs (24 hr)! were subjected to a THREE-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,184) =0.12, P=0.73), ODOR-level (F.sub.(3,184) =126.77, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen (F.sub.(2,184) =3.55, P=0.03) as main effects, STRAIN×ODOR (F.sub.(3,184) =1.23, P=0.30), STRAIN×HEAT (F.sub.(2,184) =0.33, P=0.72) and ODOR×HEAT (F.sub.(6,184) =3.14, P=0.006) as two-way interaction terms and STRAIN×ODOR×HEAT (F.sub.(6,184) =0.48, P=0.83) as the three-way interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in the Table. The twelve planned comparisons were significant if P≦0.005.

Shock reactivity in 17-2 flies (Table): PIs from these two strains (Can-S and 17-2), two shock groups (60V and 20V) and three heat-shock regimens -hs, +hs (3 hr) and +hs (24 hr)! were subjected to a THREE-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,84) =0.50, P=0.48), SHOCK F.sub.(1,84) =97.78, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen F.sub.(2,84) =3.36, P=0.04) as main effects, STRAIN×SHOCK F.sub.(1,84) =1.12, P=0.29), STRAIN×HEAT F.sub.(2,84) =1.06, P=0.35) and SHOCK×HEAT F.sub.(2,84) =6.66, P=0.002) as two-way interaction terms and STRAIN×SHOCK×HEAT F.sub.(2,84) =1.75, P=0.18) as the three-way interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in the Table. The six planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Seven-day memory after spaced training in 17-2 flies (FIG. 13): PIs from two strains (Can-S and 17-2) and two heat-shock regimens -hs and +hs(3 hr)! were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN F.sub.(1,20) =6.09; P=0.02) and HEAT-shock regimen F.sub.(1,20) =16.30, P=0.001) as main effects and STRAIN×TRAIN F.sub.(1,20) =7.73, P=0.01) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in FIG. 13. The three planned comparisons were judged significant if P<0.02.

One-day memory after spaced training in rsh;17-2 double mutants (FIG. 14): PIs from three strains (17-2, rsh and rsh;17-2) and two heat-shock regimens -hs and +hs (3 hr)! were subjected to a TWO WAY ANOVA with STRAIN F.sub.(2,30) =32.05; P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen F.sub.(1,30) =59.68, P<0.001) as main effects and STRAIN×TRAIN F.sub.(2,30) =11.59, P<0.001) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in FIG. 14. The five planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Learning after one-cycle training in rsh;17-2 mutants (see text): PIs from these two strains (Can-S and rsh;17-2) and two heat-shock regimens -hs and +hs (3 hr)! were subjected to a TWO-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN F.sub.(1,20) =86.85, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen F.sub.(1,20) =0.02, P<0.89) as main effects and STRAIN×HEAT F.sub.(1,20) =0.86, P=0.37) as the interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in the Table. The two planned comparisons were significant if P≦0.03.

Olfactory acuity in rsh;17-2 flies (Table): PIs from these two strains (Can-S and rsh;17-2), four different odor-levels (OCT-10⁰, OCT-10⁻², MCH-10⁰ and MCH-10⁻²) and two heat-shock regimens -hs, and +hs (3 hr)! were subjected to a THREE-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,112) =0.02, P=0.88), ODOR-level (F.sub.(3,112) =50.03, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen (F.sub.(1,112) =29.86, P<0.001) as main effects, STRAIN×ODOR (F₃,112) =2.15, P=0.10), STRAIN×HEAT (F.sub.(1,112) =0.34, P=0.56) and ODOR×HEAT (F.sub.(3,112) =6.41, P=0.001) as two-way interaction terms and STRAIN×ODOR×HEAT (F.sub.(3,112) =1.12, P=0.35) as the three-way interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in the Table. The eight planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Shock reactivity in rsh;17-2 flies (Table): PIs from these two strains (Can-S and rsh;17-2), two shock groups (60V and 20V) and two heat-shock regimens -hs and +hs (3 hr)! were subjected to THREE-WAY ANOVA with STRAIN (F.sub.(1,56) =0.51, P=0.48), SHOCK (F.sub.(1,56) =88.14, P<0.001) and HEAT-shock regimen (F.sub.(1,56) =0.08, P=0.77) as main effects, STRAIN×SHOCK (F₁,56) =0.12, P=0.73, STRAIN×HEAT (F.sub.(1,56) =0.03, P=0.86) and SHOCK×HEAT (F.sub.(1,56) =0.39, P=0.53) as two-way interaction terms and STRAIN×SHOCK×HEAT F.sub.(1,84) =1.58, P=0.21) as the three-way interaction term. P values from subsequent planned comparisons are summarized in the Table. The four planned comparisons were judged significant if P≦0.01.

Northern Analysis. For RNA collection, the heat-shock regimen was the same as for behavioral experiments. For any indicated time interval between heat-shock and collection, flies rested in food-containing vials at 25° C. Flies were collected and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. All Northern analyses used head RNA. The tube of frozen flies was repeatedly rapped sharply on a hard surface, causing the heads to fall off. The detached frozen heads were recovered by sieving on dry ice. Approximately 1000 heads were pooled for RNA preparation. Wild-type and transgenic flies for each individual time point always were processed in parallel. Flies that were not induced were handled in a similar manner to induced flies, except that the vials were not placed at 37° C. Total head RNA was isolated from each group of flies, and poly A+ RNA was isolated using oligo dT columns according to the instructions of the manufacturer (5'→3' Inc.). The concentration of poly A+ mRNA was measured spectrophotometrically, and 0.5 mg of mRNA per lane was loaded and run on 1.2% formaldehyde-agarose gels. Northern blots were prepared, probed and washed (0.1×SSC at 65° C.) as described (Ausubel et al., 1994). For detection of the transgene, an 843 bp dCREB2-b cDNA fragment was subcloned into pKS+ and used to generate a uniformly-labeled antisense riboprobe. This fragment codes for the carboxyl-terminal 86 amino acids of the dCREB2-b protein plus 3' untranslated mRNA.

Western Blot Analysis and Antiserum. Western blot analysis was performed using a rabbit antiserum raised against a peptide corresponding to 16 amino acids in the basic region of the dCREB2-b cDNA with an additional COOH terminal Cys. The sequence of the peptide was: (SEQ ID NO.:24) NH2-RKREIRLQKNREAAREC-COOH. The peptide was synthesized and coupled to Sulfo-SMCC (Pierce) activated keyhole lympet hemocyanin. The antigen was injected into rabbits (100 ug) and boosted at two week intervals. Sera was bled and tested for immune reactivity towards bacterially-expressed dCREB2-b protein. The antiserum was passed through a CM Affi-gel Blue column (Biorad), and the flow-through was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, resuspended and dialyzed against PBS (0.14M NaC1, 2.7 mM KCl, 4.3 mM Na₂ HPO₄ 7H₂ 0, 1.4 mM KH₂ P0₄, pH 7.3). The dialyzed serum was affinity-purified using a peptide column made using an Ag/Ab Immobilization kit (Immunopure from Pierce). After the antiserum was eluted using a 4M MgCl₂, 0.1M HEPES pH 6.0 buffer, it was dialyzed into PBS and frozen.

Each data point represents approximately 5 fly heads. Groups of about 25-50 flies were collected and quickly frozen on liquid nitrogen until all of the time points had been collected. Heads were isolated resuspended in approximately 200 ul of 1x Laemmli sample buffer, allowed to thaw and homogenized with a Dounce type B pestle. Samples were boiled for 5 minutes, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at room temperature in an Eppendoff microcentrifuge. The supernatants were collected and boiled again just prior to loading onto protein gels. Standard procedures were used to separate equal amounts of proteins from each sample on 12% polyacrylamide-SDS gels and to transfer them to PVDF membranes by electroblotting (Ausubel et al., 1994).

The membranes were blocked for 60 minutes with a 5% BSA solution made up in TBST (10 mM Tris 50 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20). The primary antibody was diluted 1:1000 in TBST and incubated with the filter for 30 minutes. The membranes were washed three times with TBST for 5 minutes each time and then incubated for 30 minutes with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG second antibody (Promega) diluted 1:7500 in TBST. The membranes were washed three more times as before and developed using a chromogenic alkaline phosphatase reaction according to manufacturers suggestions (Promega).

Increased transgene expression after heat-shock induction. In order to interpret the effects of transgene induction on behavior, dCREB2-b expression was measured in flies (17-2) after heat-shock induction. Northern blot analysis revealed elevated levels of hs-dCREB2-b message in the 17-2 flies immediately and three hours after heat-shock (FIG. 9A). This induction was also detectable in brain cells using in situ hybridization (data not shown). Western blot showed increased dCREB2-b protein immediately after induction (FIG. 9B). Elevated levels of the dCREB2-b protein were seen nine hours later and were still detectable twenty four hours after induction. These data indicate that increased amounts of dCREB2-b existed in brain cells throughout spaced training, which ended about six hours after heat induction.

The behavioral experiments also used transgenic flies (A2-2) which expressed a mutated dCREB2-b protein (dCREB2-mLZ). These mutations changed the two internal leucine residues of the leucine zipper to valine residues, and these changes have been shown to result in a protein which is unable to form dimers (Dwarki et al., 1990). In transient co-transfection assays, the mutant protein was unable to block PKA-dependent transcription mediated by dCREB2-a, while the wild-type protein had blocking function. Western blot analysis showed that the wild-type and mutant blocker are expressed at similar levels beginning immediately after heat-shock induction and lasting for at least 6 hours (FIG. 9C). Therefore, it is unlikely that these two proteins have large differences in expression levels or stability in the transgenic flies.

Northern blot analysis of two different housekeeping genes, myosin light chain (Parker et al., 1985) and elongation factor α (Hovemann et al., 1988), showed that steady-state levels of their RNAs were unaffected after transgene induction for at least 3 hours. Gel shift analysis using two different consensus DNA binding sites showed that there was no large effect on the gel shift species which formed after transgene induction for at least 9 hours. Cotransfection of the blocker did not interfere with the activity of a transcription factor from a different family in cell culture. Considered together, hs-dCREB2-b probably had fairly specific molecular modes of action after induction.

Cyclohexmide feeding immediately before or after spaced training disrupts one-day memory. To confirm and extend the results of Tully et al. (1994), flies were fed 35 mM cycloheximide (CXM) for 12-14 hours before, or for the 24-hr retention interval immediately after, massed or spaced training. Each of these CXM feeding regimens significantly reduced one-day memory after spaced training but had no effect on one-day memory after massed training (FIG. 10). These results suggest that protein synthesis is required soon after training for the formation of long-lasting memory.

Induction of hs-dCREB2-b disrupts one-day memory after spaced training. One day retention after spaced training was unaffected in uninduced (-hs) transgenic flies (17-2) but was significantly reduced in induced (+hs) transgenic flies. In contrast, one-day retention after massed training was normal in both uninduced and induced transgenic flies (FIG. 11A). Comparisons of one-day retention after spaced or massed training between wild-type flies with (+hs) or without (-hs) heat-shock indicated that the heat-shock regimen itself did not have a non-specific effect on memory after either training protocol. Thus induction of the dCREB2-b transgene only affected one-day memory after spaced training.

One day retention after spaced or massed training in M11-1, a second line carrying an independent hs-dCREB2-b insertion, also was tested. Results with M11-1 were similar to those obtained with 17-2 (FIG. 11B). These results show that the effect of induced hs-dCREB2-b does not depend on any particular insertion site of the transgene.

Induction of hs-dCREB2-b does not affect learning. If induction of the transgene specifically affected LTM via disruption of gene expression, then learning should not be affected, since it does not require new protein synthesis (see Tully et al. 1994). Different groups of flies were trained using one-cycle training either without heat-shock, or three or twenty four hours after heat-shock. These time points after induction were selected to correspond to the times when flies were trained and tested in the previous experiments (see FIGS. 11A and 11B). Induction of the transgene in the 17-2 line had no effect on learning in either case (FIG. 11C).

Induction of the mutant blocker does not affect one-day memory after spaced training. Induction of the transgene which contained the mutant blocker (A2-2) did not affect one-day retention after spaced training, while the wild-type blocker (17-2) had a dramatic effect (FIG. 12). The w(iso CJ1) flies, whose one-day retention also was unaffected by heat induction, is the isogenic control for the mutant blocker transgenic flies (see Experimental Procedures). Since Western blot analysis showed that wild-type and mutant blockers probably have similar expression levels, this result suggests that the blocker requires an intact leucine zipper to function effectively.

hs-dCREB2-b induction does not affect olfactory acuity or shock reactivity. Olfactory acuity and shock reactivity are component behaviors essential for flies to properly learn odorshock associations. The Table shows the scores for these peripheral behaviors for Can-S versus 17-2 flies. With or without heat-shock, olfactory acuity and shock reactivity were normal in 17-2 transgenic flies.

Induction of hs-dCREB2-b disrupts long-term memory (LTM). If induction of hs-dCREB2-b blocks LTM, then long-lasting memory also should be blocked. In wild-type flies, seven-day retention after spaced training consists solely of the CXM-sensitive LTM because the CXM insensitive ARM component has decayed away (Tully et al., 1994). In uninduced transgenic flies (17-2), seven-day retention after spaced training was similar to retention in uninduced wild-type flies (P=0.83; FIG. 13). Seven-day retention was severely disrupted, however, in transgenic flies which were trained three hours after heat-shock (P=0.001) and did not differ from zero (P=0.91). In contrast, the heat-shock protocol had no detectable effect on seven-day memory in wild-type flies (P=0.39).

If induction of the hs-dCREB2-b transgene specifically blocks LTM, then it should only affect the CXM-sensitive component of consolidated memory after spaced training. For both transgenic lines, 17-2 and M11-1, the effect of transgene induction looked similar to the effect that CXM had on wild-type flies (compare FIG. 10 with FIGS. 11A and B). This similarity suggested that the induced dCREB2-b protein completely blocked CXM-sensitive memory, leaving ARM intact. The radish mutation disrupts ARM (Folkers et al., 1993), leaving only LTM one day after spaced training (Tully et al., 1994). Thus a radish hs-dCREB2-b "double mutant" (rsh; 17-2) was constructed to allow examination of LTM in the absence of ARM. In the absence of heat-shock, rsh;17-2 double-mutants and radish single-gene mutants yielded equivalent one-day retention after spaced training (FIG. 14). In contrast, when these flies were heat-shocked three hours before spaced training, one-day retention was undetectable in rsh;17-2 flies but remained at mutant levels in radish flies. The double mutant also showed normal (radish-like) learning (P=0.59; data not shown) and normal (wild-type) olfactory acuity and shock reactivity in the absence of heat-shock versus three hours after heat shock (see the Table).

                                      TABLE 1     __________________________________________________________________________     Olfactory acuity and shock reactivity in Can-S (wild-type), 17-2     (hs-dCREB2-b     transgenic) and rsh;17-2 (radish, hs-dCREB2-b "double mutant")     flies.sup.a.                 OLFACTORY ACUITY  SHOCK     HEAT        OCT      MCH      REACTIVITY     SHOCK  GROUP                 10.sup.0 *                      10.sup.-2                          10.sup.0                               10.sup.-2                                   60 V 20 V     __________________________________________________________________________     -hs    Can-S                 58 ± 3                      32 ± 3                          80 ± 2                               33 ± 7                                   79 ± 5                                        52 ± 5            17-2 60 ± 3                      34 ± 8                          77 ± 3                               37 ± 5                                   87 ± 3                                        43 ± 2     +hs (3 hr)            Can-S                 69 ± 4                      41 ± 4                          77 ± 2                               25 ± 9                                   74 ± 5                                        58 ± 6            17-2 71 ± 4                      37 ± 3                          76 ± 5                               26 ± 3                                   78 ± 3                                        67 ± 5     +hs (24 hr)            Can-S                 66 ± 2                      56 ± 8                          79 ± 4                               33 ± 2                                   84 ± 3                                        63 ± 3            17-2 65 ± 3                      42 ± 6                          76 ± 3                               41 ± 5                                   85 ± 2                                        60 ± 6     -hs    Can-S                 51 ± 4                      39 ± 5                          72 ± 5                               33 ± 7                                   87 ± 3                                        52 ± 5            rsh; 17-2                 57 ± 3                      39 ± 5                          74 ± 5                               29 ± 4                                   82 ± 4                                        53 ± 6     +hs (3 hr)            Can-S                 72 ± 4                      48 ± 3                          66 ± 2                               60 ± 3                                   80 ± 4                                        58 ± 6            rsh; 17-2                 68 ± 4                      46 ± 6                          78 ± 2                               49 ± 4                                   83 ± 1                                        50 ± 5     __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a Olfactory acuity and shock reacitivity were assayed in untrained      flies with the methods of Boynton and Tully (1992) and Dura et al.,      (1993), respectively (see Experimental Procedures for more details). N =      PIs per group. Planned comparisons between CanS vs. mutant flies failed t      detect any significant differences with any heatshock regimen.      *10.sup.0 is manual concentration and corresponds to 10.sup.-3 for bubble      (see Tully et al., 1994).

Example 3 Characterization of dNOS

Low stringency hybridization to a phase library of the Drosophila genome and screening of Drosophila cDNA library. 6×10⁴ plaques of a genomic Drosophila λDASH library with the 1.3 kb Bgl II fragment of rat neuronal NOS cDNA (residues 3282-4573) under low stringency conditions of 40% formamide were screened as described in W. M. McGinnis et al., Nature 308:428 (1984). Fifty positive phage were purified and grouped based on inter se hybridization. The contig containing the 2.4R fragment of dNOS was comprised of 15 phage clones. Regions of cross-hybridization to the rat probe were identified, subcloned and three of them were sequenced. The other two did not contain sequences homologous to any protein in the database. A Drosophila head cDNA library (a gift from P. Salvaterra) was screened with the 2.4R fragment isolated from phage clone λ8.11 in standard conditions. All phage purification and cloning steps were done with standard methods (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, aMolecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). cDNA fragments were subcloned into Bluescript (Stratagene) and sequenced on both strands with Sequenase 2.0 (USB). Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; Y, Tyr.

Expression constructs and protein extracts. The expression construct for activity assays contained dNOS cDNA (with an XbaI site engineered immediately upstream of the ATG codon) cloned into the XbaI and SmaI sites of the pCGN expression vector M. Tanaka and W. Herr, Cell, 60:375 (1990)!. 293 human kidney cells were transfected with 15 μg of the dNOS construct, or vector DNA, and precipitated with calcium phosphate as described in M. J. Imperiale, L. T. Feldman and J. R. Nevins, Cell, 35:127 (1983)!. Cells were collected 2 days later and protein extracts were prepared as described in J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989)!.

Fusion protein. The fusion protein for raising anti-DNOS antibodies was made by cloning a 0.29 kb Eam1105I-SacI fragment of dNOS cDNA (this fragment codes for 97 N-terminal amino acids of dNOS ORF) into EcoRI site of pGEX-KG K. Guan and J. E. Dixon, Anal. Biochem., 192:262 (1991)!. The fusion protein was expressed in BL21 E. coli strain and purified over Glutathione-Sepharose columns (Pharmacia) as described in G. J. Hannon, D. Demetrick, D. Beach, Genes & Dev., 7:2378 (1993)!. Immunization of rabbits, and serum preparation, was done by Hazleton Research Products, Inc. (Denver). The DNOS protein was detected on Western blots using a 1:500 dilution of rabbit serum, and cross-reacting bands were visualized with anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Promega) according to the protocol provided.

Enzymatic assay. The enzymatic assay was done essentially as described previously (D. Bredt and S. Snyder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:682 (1990)!. A 100 ml reaction mixture containing 25 μl (50-100 μg) of soluble protein extract, 50 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 3 μM FAD, 3 μM FMN, 10 μM tetrahydrobiopterin (ICN), 1 mM DTT, 0.8 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM NADPH, 10 μg/ml calmodulin, 2 μl of ³ H!L-arginine (35.7 Ci/mmol, NEN) and 50 mM L-valine in was incubated for 60 minutes at 37° C. The reaction was stopped with 0.5 ml 20 mM Hepes pH 5.5, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, loaded on 0.5 ml Dowex AG 50WX-8 (Na⁺ form) column and eluted with 3×0.5 ml of the stop buffer. Radioactivity present in the eluent was quantified in a scintillation counter.

RT-PCR experiments. Heads and bodies of adult flies were separated on sieves. Total RNA was isolated by the guanidinium isothiocyanate method P. Chomczynski and N. Sacchi, Anal. Biochem., 162:156 (1987)!. Poly(A)⁺ RNA selection, Northern blot and hybridization were done with standard methods (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989)!. The blot was hybridized with random-primed dNOS cDNA (10⁶ cpm/ml), washed in 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and exposed to X-ray film for 72 hours. Two 25-mer primers corresponding to residues 1374-1399 (the top primer) and 1793-1817 (the bottom primer) in the dNOS sequence! were used to amplify fragments of two dNOS splice products. Each RT-PCR reaction contained 30 ng of poly(A)⁺ head RNA. In the first stage (RT), 90 ng of the bottom primer and 5 U of rTth polymerase (Perkin-Elmers) were added and the mixture was incubated in the MJ Research Minicycler™ in the following sequence of conditions: 95°/1 minute, 67°/45 seconds, 70°/13 minutes. The second stage (PCR) was carried out as follows: 94°/45 seconds, 63°/45 seconds, 70°/90 seconds and was repeated for 35 cycles. Products of the reaction were analyzed on a denaturing polyacrylamide (8%) gel. Bands of interest were isolated, reamplified, cloned into pCR1000 (InVitrogen) and sequenced with Sequenase kit (USB).

Equivalents

Those skilled in the art will know, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. These and all other equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

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19. We have screened 6×10⁴ plaques of a genomic Drosophila λDASH library with the 1.3 kb Bgl II fragment of rat neuronal NOS cDNA (residues 3282-4573) under low stringency conditions of 40% formamide as described in W. M. McGinnis et al., Nature 308, 428 (1984). Fifty positive phage were purified and grouped based on inter se hybridization. The contig containing the 2.4R fragment of dNOS was comprised of 15 phage clones. Regions of cross-hybridization to the rat probe were identified, subcdoned and three of them were sequenced. The other two did not contain sequences homologous to any protein in the database. A Drosophila head cDNA library (a gift from P. Salvaterra) was screened with the 2.4R fragment isolated from phage clone λ8.11 in standard conditions. All phage purification and cloning steps were done with standard methods (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). cDNA fragments were subcloned into Bluescript (Stratagene) and sequenced on both strands with Sequenase 2.0 (USB). Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala;C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, IIe; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gin; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; Y, Tyr.

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24. The expression construct for activity assays contained dNOS cDNA (with an Xbal site engineered immediately upstream of the ATG codon) cloned into the Xba1 and Sma1 sites of the pCGN expression vector M. Tanaka and W. Herr, Cell 60, 375 (1990)!. 293 human kidney cells were transfected with 15 μg of the dNOS construct, or vector DNA, and precipitated with calcium phosphate as described in M. J. Imperiale, L. T. Feldman and J. R. Nevins, Cell 35, 127 (1983)!. Cells were collected 2 days later and protein extracts were prepared as described in J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989)!.

25. The fusion protein for raising anti-DNOS antibodies was made by cloning a 0.29 kb Eam1105l-Sac1 fragment of dNOS cDNA (this fragment codes for 97 N-terminal amino acids of dNOS ORF) into EcoRI site of pGEX-KG K. Guan and J. E. Dixon Anal. Biochem. 192, 262 (1991)!. The fusion protein was expressed in BL21 E. coli strain and purified over Glutathione-Sepharose columns (Pharmacia) as described in G. J. Hannon, D. Demetrick, D. Beach, Genes & Dev., 7, 2378 (1993)!. Immunization of rabbits, and serum preparation, was done by Hazleton Research Products, Inc. (Denver). The DNOS protein was detected on Western blots using a 1:500 dilution of rabbit serum, and cross-reacting bands were visualized with anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Promega) according to the protocol provided.

26. The enzymatic assay was done essentially as described previously (D. Bredt and S. Snyder, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 682 (1990)!. A 100 ml reaction mixture containing 25 μl (50-100 μg) of soluble protein extract, 50 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 3 μM FAD, 3 μM FMN, 10 μM tetrahydrobiopterin (ICN), 1 mM DTT, 0.8 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM NADPH, 10 μg/ml calmodulin, 2 μl of ³ H!L-arginine (35.7 Ci/mmol, NEN) and 50 mM L-valine in was incubated for 60 min. at 37° C. The reaction was stopped with 0.5 ml 20 mM Hepes pH 5.5, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, loaded on 0.5 ml Dowex AG 50WX-8 (Na⁺ form) column and eluted with 3×0.5 ml of the stop buffer. Radioactivity present in the eluent was quantified in a scintillation counter.

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30. Heads and bodies of adult flies were separated on sieves. Total RNA was isolated by the guanidinium isothiocyanate method P. Chomczynski and N. Sacchi, Anal. Biochem. 162, 156 (1987)!. Poly(A)⁺ RNA selection, Northern blot and hybridization were done with standard methods (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). The blot was hybridized with random-primed dNOS cDNA (10⁶ cpm/ml), washed in 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and exposed to X-ray film for 72 hrs. We have used two 25-mer primers corresponding to residues 1374-1399 (the top primer) and 1793-1817 (the bottom primer) in the dNOS sequence! to amplify fragments of two dNOS splice products. Each RT-PCR reaction contained 30 ng of poly(A)⁺ head RNA J. C. P. Yin et al., Mol. Cell Biol., submitted!. In the first stage (RT), 90 ng of the bottom primer and 5 U of rTth polymerase (Perkin-Elmers) were added and the mixture was incubated in the MJ Research Minicycler™ in the following sequence of conditions: 95°/1 min., 67°/45 sec, 70°/13 min. The second stage (PCR) was carried out as follows: 94°/45 sec., 63°/45 sec., 70°/90 sec. and was repeated for 35 cycles. Products of the reaction were analyzed on a denaturing polyacrylamide (8%) gel. Bands of interest were isolated, re-amplified, cloned into pCR1000 (InVitrogen) and sequenced with Sequenase kit (USB).

31. T. Ogura, T. Yokoyama, H. Fujisawa, Y. Kurashima, H. Esumi, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193, 1014-1022 (1993).

32. M. W. Radomski, J. F. Martin, S. Moncada, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 334, 129-133 (1992).

33. M. R. Elphick, I. C. Green, M. O'Shea, Brain Res. 619, 344-346 (1993).

34. J. M. C. Ribeiro, R. H. Nussenzweig, FEBS Let. 330, 165-168 (1993).

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36. A. Gelperin, Nature 369, 61-63 (1994).

37. T. M. Dawson, D. S. Bredt, M. Fotuhi, P. M. Hwang, S. H. Snyder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7797 (1991); B. T. Hope, G. J. Michael, K. M. Knigge, S. R. Vincent, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2811 (1991).

38. U. Muller, E. Buchner, Naturwissenschaft 80, 524-526 (1993).

39. J. C. P. Yin, et al., Cell, in press (1994); P. Drain, E. Folkers, W. G. Quinn, Neuron 6, 71(1991).

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    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING     - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:     -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 24     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1083 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: other nucleic acid     #= "cDNA and PCR analysis" /desc     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: CDS               (B) LOCATION: 1..1080     #ID NO:1: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - ATG GAC AAC AGC ATC GTC GAG GAG AAC GGC AA - #C TCG TCG GCG GCA TCG       48     Met Asp Asn Ser Ile Val Glu Glu Asn Gly As - #n Ser Ser Ala Ala Ser     #                 15     - GGC TCC AAT GAC GTG GTC GAT GTC GTT GCC CA - #A CAG GCG GCG GCA GCG       96     Gly Ser Asn Asp Val Val Asp Val Val Ala Gl - #n Gln Ala Ala Ala Ala     #             30     - GTG GGC GGC GGC GGT GGA GGA GGA GGA GGC GG - #C GGC GGC GGT GGT AAC      144     Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gl - #y Gly Gly Gly Gly Asn     #         45     - CCC CAG CAG CAG CAA CAG AAC CCA CAA AGT AC - #A ACG GCC GGC GGT CCA      192     Pro Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Asn Pro Gln Ser Th - #r Thr Ala Gly Gly Pro     #     60     - ACG GGT GCG ACG AAC AAC GCC CAG GGA GGC GG - #A GTG TCC TCC GTG CTG      240     Thr Gly Ala Thr Asn Asn Ala Gln Gly Gly Gl - #y Val Ser Ser Val Leu     # 80     - ACC ACC ACC GCC AAC TGC AAC ATA CAA TAC CC - #C ATC CAG ACG CTG GCG      288     Thr Thr Thr Ala Asn Cys Asn Ile Gln Tyr Pr - #o Ile Gln Thr Leu Ala     #                 95     - CAG CAC GGA CTG CAG GTG AGC ATT TGG GGA CC - #G GGT GCT TGG TGT CAA      336     Gln His Gly Leu Gln Val Ser Ile Trp Gly Pr - #o Gly Ala Trp Cys Gln     #           110     - CTG TCG AGT GTC AGG TGT TAC GGA TCC CAG CC - #A GAA GTG GCT ACC AAG      384     Leu Ser Ser Val Arg Cys Tyr Gly Ser Gln Pr - #o Glu Val Ala Thr Lys     #       125     - GAT GTG CAG TCC GTG ATA CAG GCC AAT CCC TC - #G GGA GTC ATA CAG ACA      432     Asp Val Gln Ser Val Ile Gln Ala Asn Pro Se - #r Gly Val Ile Gln Thr     #   140     - GCA GCT GGA ACC CAG CAG CAG CAA CAG GCG CT - #G GCC GCC GCC ACA GCG      480     Ala Ala Gly Thr Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Ala Le - #u Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala     145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -     #60     - ATG CAG AAG GTG GTC TAC GTG GCC AAG CCG CC - #G AAC TCG ACG GTC ATC      528     Met Gln Lys Val Val Tyr Val Ala Lys Pro Pr - #o Asn Ser Thr Val Ile     #               175     - CAC ACG ACG CCT GGC AAT GCA GTG CAA GTG CG - #T AAC AAA ATC CCT CCA      576     His Thr Thr Pro Gly Asn Ala Val Gln Val Ar - #g Asn Lys Ile Pro Pro     #           190     - ACC TTT CCA TGT AAG ATC AAG CCC GAA CCG AA - #C ACG CAG CAC CCG GAG      624     Thr Phe Pro Cys Lys Ile Lys Pro Glu Pro As - #n Thr Gln His Pro Glu     #       205     - GAC AGC GAC GAG AGT CTG TCG GAC GAC GAT TC - #C CAG CAC CAC CGC AGC      672     Asp Ser Asp Glu Ser Leu Ser Asp Asp Asp Se - #r Gln His His Arg Ser     #   220     - GAG CTG ACG CGA CGG CCG TCG TAC AAT AAG AT - #C TTC ACC GAG ATC AGC      720     Glu Leu Thr Arg Arg Pro Ser Tyr Asn Lys Il - #e Phe Thr Glu Ile Ser     225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -     #40     - GGT CCG GAC ATG AGC GGC GCA TCG CTT CCC AT - #G TCC GAC GGC GTG CTC      768     Gly Pro Asp Met Ser Gly Ala Ser Leu Pro Me - #t Ser Asp Gly Val Leu     #               255     - AAT TCC CAG CTG GTG GGG ACC GGA GCG GGG GG - #C AAT GCG GCG AAC AGC      816     Asn Ser Gln Leu Val Gly Thr Gly Ala Gly Gl - #y Asn Ala Ala Asn Ser     #           270     - TCC CTG ATG CAA TTG GAT CCC ACG TAC TAC CT - #G TCC AAT CGG ATG TCC      864     Ser Leu Met Gln Leu Asp Pro Thr Tyr Tyr Le - #u Ser Asn Arg Met Ser     #       285     - TAC AAC ACC AAC AAC AGC GGG ATA GCG GAG GA - #T CAG ACC CGT AAG CGC      912     Tyr Asn Thr Asn Asn Ser Gly Ile Ala Glu As - #p Gln Thr Arg Lys Arg     #   300     - GAG ATC CGG CTG CAG AAG AAC AGG GAG GCG GC - #G CGT GAG TGC CGG CGC      960     Glu Ile Arg Leu Gln Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Al - #a Arg Glu Cys Arg Arg     305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -     #20     - AAG AAG AAG GAG TAC ATC AAG TGC CTG GAG AA - #T CGA GTG GCG GTG CTA     1008     Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr Ile Lys Cys Leu Glu As - #n Arg Val Ala Val Leu     #               335     - GAG AAC CAA AAC AAA GCG CTC ATC GAG GAG CT - #G AAG TCG CTC AAG GAG     1056     Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Le - #u Lys Ser Leu Lys Glu     #           350     #           1083   CC AAG AAC GAT TGA     Leu Tyr Cys Gln Thr Lys Asn Asp     #       360     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 360 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -           (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: - # SEQ ID NO:2:     - Met Asp Asn Ser Ile Val Glu Glu Asn Gly As - #n Ser Ser Ala Ala Ser     #                 15     - Gly Ser Asn Asp Val Val Asp Val Val Ala Gl - #n Gln Ala Ala Ala Ala     #             30     - Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gl - #y Gly Gly Gly Gly Asn     #         45     - Pro Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Asn Pro Gln Ser Th - #r Thr Ala Gly Gly Pro     #     60     - Thr Gly Ala Thr Asn Asn Ala Gln Gly Gly Gl - #y Val Ser Ser Val Leu     # 80     - Thr Thr Thr Ala Asn Cys Asn Ile Gln Tyr Pr - #o Ile Gln Thr Leu Ala     #                 95     - Gln His Gly Leu Gln Val Ser Ile Trp Gly Pr - #o Gly Ala Trp Cys Gln     #           110     - Leu Ser Ser Val Arg Cys Tyr Gly Ser Gln Pr - #o Glu Val Ala Thr Lys     #       125     - Asp Val Gln Ser Val Ile Gln Ala Asn Pro Se - #r Gly Val Ile Gln Thr     #   140     - Ala Ala Gly Thr Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Ala Le - #u Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala     145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -     #60     - Met Gln Lys Val Val Tyr Val Ala Lys Pro Pr - #o Asn Ser Thr Val Ile     #               175     - His Thr Thr Pro Gly Asn Ala Val Gln Val Ar - #g Asn Lys Ile Pro Pro     #           190     - Thr Phe Pro Cys Lys Ile Lys Pro Glu Pro As - #n Thr Gln His Pro Glu     #       205     - Asp Ser Asp Glu Ser Leu Ser Asp Asp Asp Se - #r Gln His His Arg Ser     #   220     - Glu Leu Thr Arg Arg Pro Ser Tyr Asn Lys Il - #e Phe Thr Glu Ile Ser     225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -     #40     - Gly Pro Asp Met Ser Gly Ala Ser Leu Pro Me - #t Ser Asp Gly Val Leu     #               255     - Asn Ser Gln Leu Val Gly Thr Gly Ala Gly Gl - #y Asn Ala Ala Asn Ser     #           270     - Ser Leu Met Gln Leu Asp Pro Thr Tyr Tyr Le - #u Ser Asn Arg Met Ser     #       285     - Tyr Asn Thr Asn Asn Ser Gly Ile Ala Glu As - #p Gln Thr Arg Lys Arg     #   300     - Glu Ile Arg Leu Gln Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Al - #a Arg Glu Cys Arg Arg     305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -     #20     - Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr Ile Lys Cys Leu Glu As - #n Arg Val Ala Val Leu     #               335     - Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Le - #u Lys Ser Leu Lys Glu     #           350     - Leu Tyr Cys Gln Thr Lys Asn Asp     #       360     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 54 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:3: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Arg Lys Arg Glu Ile Arg Leu Gln - # Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg     Glu     #   15     -      Cys Arg Arg Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr - # Ile Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Arg     Val     #                 30     -      Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys - # Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Lys     Ser     #             45     -      Leu Lys Glu Leu Tyr Cys              50     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 54 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:4: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Arg Lys Arg Glu Val Arg Leu Met - # Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg     Glu     #   15     -      Cys Arg Arg Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr - # Val Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Arg     Val     #                 30     -      Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys - # Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Lys     Ala     #             45     -      Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr Cys              50     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 54 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:5: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Arg Lys Arg Glu Leu Arg Leu Met - # Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg     Glu     #   15     -      Cys Arg Arg Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr - # Val Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Arg     Val     #                 30     -      Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys - # Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Lys     Ala     #             45     -      Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr Cys              50     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 54 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:6: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Leu Lys Arg Glu Ile Arg Leu Met - # Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg     Glu     #   15     -      Cys Arg Arg Lys Lys Lys Glu Tyr - # Val Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Arg     Val     #                 30     -      Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Gln Asn Lys - # Thr Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Lys     Thr     #             45     -      Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr Ser              50     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 798 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: CDS               (B) LOCATION: 1..798     #ID NO:7: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - ATG TTA CTC GGA GAA AAT ATG TTT TCT ACT TT - #C ACA TCG TTA GAT GCT       48     Met Leu Leu Gly Glu Asn Met Phe Ser Thr Ph - #e Thr Ser Leu Asp Ala     #                 15     - GCT ACC GCT ACA ACC AAC ACC GGT GAA TTC TT - #A ATG AAT GAA TCT CCA       96     Ala Thr Ala Thr Thr Asn Thr Gly Glu Phe Le - #u Met Asn Glu Ser Pro     #             30     - AGG CAA GAA GCC GGT GAC TTA ATG TTG GAT AG - #T CTG GAT TTC AAC ATT      144     Arg Gln Glu Ala Gly Asp Leu Met Leu Asp Se - #r Leu Asp Phe Asn Ile     #         45     - ATG GGC GAA AAC CTG GCA GAT GAT TTC CAG AC - #C TCG GCT TCA CCA GCT      192     Met Gly Glu Asn Leu Ala Asp Asp Phe Gln Th - #r Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala     #     60     - TCG GAG GAC AAG ATG ACT CCT TTC GTT GTT GA - #T ACC AAT GTT TTT GAA      240     Ser Glu Asp Lys Met Thr Pro Phe Val Val As - #p Thr Asn Val Phe Glu     # 80     - TCC GTC TTC AAG AAC ACC GAA GAT ACC CTT CT - #A GGA GAT ATC GAC AAT      288     Ser Val Phe Lys Asn Thr Glu Asp Thr Leu Le - #u Gly Asp Ile Asp Asn     #                 95     - GTT GGT ATT GTT GAC ACG GAG TTG AAG GAG AT - #G TTC GAT TTG GTT GAC      336     Val Gly Ile Val Asp Thr Glu Leu Lys Glu Me - #t Phe Asp Leu Val Asp     #           110     - TCG GAA ATC AAT AAC GGC ACT CCT ATC AAG CA - #G GAA GAA AAG GAT GAT      384     Ser Glu Ile Asn Asn Gly Thr Pro Ile Lys Gl - #n Glu Glu Lys Asp Asp     #       125     - TTG GAA TTT ACT TCA AGA TCC CAG TCC ACC TC - #A GCT CTC TTG TCG TCG      432     Leu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg Ser Gln Ser Thr Se - #r Ala Leu Leu Ser Ser     #   140     - AAA TCG ACT TCT GCT TCT CCA GCT GAT GCT GC - #C GCT GCA TGT GCA AGT      480     Lys Ser Thr Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala Asp Ala Al - #a Ala Ala Cys Ala Ser     145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -     #60     - CCT TCG TCA TCG TCT TGT AAA AGA TCC TAT TC - #T TCT GCT CAG CTA GAA      528     Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Cys Lys Arg Ser Tyr Se - #r Ser Ala Gln Leu Glu     #               175     - ACT ACG GGT TCG GAT GCT CCA AAG AAA GAT AA - #G CTG GGC TGC ACC CCT      576     Thr Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Pro Lys Lys Asp Ly - #s Leu Gly Cys Thr Pro     #           190     - TAC ACT AGA AAA CAG AGA AAC AAT CCA TTA CC - #T CCG GTC ATT CCA AAG      624     Tyr Thr Arg Lys Gln Arg Asn Asn Pro Leu Pr - #o Pro Val Ile Pro Lys     #       205     - GGT CAG GAT GTT GCT TCT ATG AAA AGG GCA AG - #A AAC ACT GAG GCC GCA      672     Gly Gln Asp Val Ala Ser Met Lys Arg Ala Ar - #g Asn Thr Glu Ala Ala     #   220     - AGA AGA TCA AGA GCC AGA AAA ATG GAA AGA AT - #G TCC CAA CTT GAA GAA      720     Arg Arg Ser Arg Ala Arg Lys Met Glu Arg Me - #t Ser Gln Leu Glu Glu     225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -     #40     - AAG TGT CAA AGC TTG TTG AAG GAA AAC GAC GA - #C TTG AAA GCT CAA GTT      768     Lys Cys Gln Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Asn Asp As - #p Leu Lys Ala Gln Val     #               255     #          798     AA TTA CTT GGA CAA CAA     Gln Ala Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Gly Gln Gln     #           265     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 266 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -           (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: - # SEQ ID NO:8:     - Met Leu Leu Gly Glu Asn Met Phe Ser Thr Ph - #e Thr Ser Leu Asp Ala     #                 15     - Ala Thr Ala Thr Thr Asn Thr Gly Glu Phe Le - #u Met Asn Glu Ser Pro     #             30     - Arg Gln Glu Ala Gly Asp Leu Met Leu Asp Se - #r Leu Asp Phe Asn Ile     #         45     - Met Gly Glu Asn Leu Ala Asp Asp Phe Gln Th - #r Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala     #     60     - Ser Glu Asp Lys Met Thr Pro Phe Val Val As - #p Thr Asn Val Phe Glu     # 80     - Ser Val Phe Lys Asn Thr Glu Asp Thr Leu Le - #u Gly Asp Ile Asp Asn     #                 95     - Val Gly Ile Val Asp Thr Glu Leu Lys Glu Me - #t Phe Asp Leu Val Asp     #           110     - Ser Glu Ile Asn Asn Gly Thr Pro Ile Lys Gl - #n Glu Glu Lys Asp Asp     #       125     - Leu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg Ser Gln Ser Thr Se - #r Ala Leu Leu Ser Ser     #   140     - Lys Ser Thr Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala Asp Ala Al - #a Ala Ala Cys Ala Ser     145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -     #60     - Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Cys Lys Arg Ser Tyr Se - #r Ser Ala Gln Leu Glu     #               175     - Thr Thr Gly Ser Asp Ala Pro Lys Lys Asp Ly - #s Leu Gly Cys Thr Pro     #           190     - Tyr Thr Arg Lys Gln Arg Asn Asn Pro Leu Pr - #o Pro Val Ile Pro Lys     #       205     - Gly Gln Asp Val Ala Ser Met Lys Arg Ala Ar - #g Asn Thr Glu Ala Ala     #   220     - Arg Arg Ser Arg Ala Arg Lys Met Glu Arg Me - #t Ser Gln Leu Glu Glu     225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -     #40     - Lys Cys Gln Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Asn Asp As - #p Leu Lys Ala Gln Val     #               255     - Gln Ala Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Gly Gln Gln     #           265     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 1350 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #ID NO:9: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Met Ser Gln His Phe Thr Ser Ile - # Phe Glu Asn Leu Arg Phe Val     Thr     #   15     -      Ile Lys Arg Ala Thr Asn Ala Gln - # Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln     Gln     #                 30     -      Gln Gln Leu Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln - # Gln Leu Gln Gln Gln Lys Ala     Gln     #             45     -      Thr Gln Gln Gln Asn Ser Arg Lys - # Ile Lys Thr Gln Ala Thr Pro     Thr     #         60     -      Leu Asn Gly Asn Gly Leu Leu Ser - # Gly Asn Pro Asn Gly Gly Gly     Gly     #     80     -      Asp Ser Ser Pro Ser His Glu Val - # Asp His Pro Gly Gly Ala Gln     Gly     #   95     -      Ala Gln Ala Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro - # Ser Leu Ser Gly Thr Pro Leu     Arg     #                110     -      His His Lys Arg Ala Ser Ile Ser - # Thr Ala Ser Pro Pro Ile Arg     Glu     #            125     -      Arg Arg Gly Thr Asn Thr Ser Ile - # Val Val Glu Leu Asp Gly Ser     Gly     #        140     -      Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly - # Gly Val Gly Val Gly Gln Gly     Ala     #    160     -      Gly Cys Pro Pro Ser Gly Ser Cys - # Thr Ala Ser Gly Lys Ser Ser     Arg     #   175     -      Glu Leu Ser Pro Ser Pro Lys Asn - # Gln Gln Gln Pro Arg Lys Met     Ser     #                190     -      Gln Asp Tyr Arg Ser Arg Ala Gly - # Ser Phe Met His Leu Asp Asp     Glu     #            205     -      Gly Arg Ser Leu Leu Met Arg Lys - # Pro Met Arg Leu Lys Asn Ile     Glu     #        220     -      Gly Arg Pro Glu Val Tyr Asp Thr - # Leu His Cys Lys Gly Arg Glu     Ile     #    240     -      Leu Ser Cys Ser Lys Ala Thr Cys - # Thr Ser Ser Ile Met Asn Ile     Gly     #   255     -      Asn Ala Ala Val Glu Ala Arg Lys - # Ser Asp Leu Ile Leu Glu His     Ala     #                270     -      Lys Asp Phe Leu Glu Gln Tyr Phe - # Thr Ser Ile Lys Arg Thr Ser     Cys     #            285     -      Thr Ala His Glu Thr Arg Trp Lys - # Gln Val Arg Gln Ser Ile Glu     Thr     #        300     -      Thr Gly His Tyr Gln Leu Thr Glu - # Thr Glu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Ala     Lys     #    320     -      Leu Ala Trp Arg Asn Ser Ser Arg - # Cys Ile Gly Arg Ile Gln Trp     Ser     #   335     -      Lys Leu Gln Val Phe Asp Cys Arg - # Tyr Val Thr Thr Thr Ser Gly     Met     #                350     -      Phe Glu Ala Ile Cys Asn His Ile - # Lys Tyr Ala Thr Asn Lys Gly     Asn     #            365     -      Leu Arg Ser Ala Ile Thr Ile Phe - # Pro Gln Arg Thr Asp Ala Lys     His     #        380     -      Asp Tyr Arg Ile Trp Asn Asn Gln - # Leu Ile Ser Tyr Ala Gly Tyr     Lys     #    400     -      Gln Ala Asp Gly Lys Ile Ile Gly - # Asp Pro Met Asn Val Glu Phe     Thr     #   415     -      Glu Val Cys Thr Lys Leu Gly Trp - # Lys Ser Lys Gly Ser Glu Trp     Asp     #                430     -      Ile Leu Pro Leu Val Val Ser Ala - # Asn Gly His Asp Pro Asp Tyr     Phe     #            445     -      Asp Tyr Pro Pro Glu Leu Ile Leu - # Glu Val Pro Leu Thr His Pro     Lys     #        460     -      Phe Glu Trp Phe Ser Asp Leu Gly - # Leu Arg Trp Tyr Ala Leu Pro     Ala     #    480     -      Val Ser Ser Met Leu Phe Asp Val - # Gly Gly Ile Gln Phe Thr Ala     Thr     #   495     -      Thr Phe Ser Gly Trp Tyr Met Ser - # Thr Glu Ile Gly Ser Arg Asn     Leu     #                510     -      Cys Asp Thr Asn Arg Arg Asn Met - # Leu Glu Thr Val Ala Leu Lys     Met     #            525     -      Gln Leu Asp Thr Arg Thr Pro Thr - # Ser Leu Trp Lys Asp Lys Ala     Val     #        540     -      Val Glu Met Asn Ile Ala Val Leu - # His Ser Tyr Gln Ser Arg Asn     Val     #    560     -      Thr Ile Val Asp His His Thr Ala - # Ser Glu Ser Phe Met Lys His     Phe     #   575     -      Glu Asn Glu Ser Lys Leu Arg Asn - # Gly Cys Pro Ala Asp Trp Ile     Trp     #                590     -      Ile Val Pro Pro Leu Ser Gly Ser - # Ile Thr Pro Val Phe His Gln     Glu     #            605     -      Met Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Lys Pro - # Ser Phe Glu Tyr Gln Asp Pro     Ala     #        620     -      Trp Arg Thr His Val Trp Lys Lys - # Gly Arg Gly Glu Ser Lys Gly     Lys     #    640     -      Lys Pro Arg Arg Lys Phe Asn Phe - # Lys Gln Ile Ala Arg Ala Val     Lys     #   655     -      Phe Thr Ser Lys Leu Phe Gly Arg - # Ala Leu Ser Lys Arg Ile Lys     Ala     #                670     -      Thr Val Leu Tyr Ala Thr Glu Thr - # Gly Lys Ser Glu Gln Tyr Ala     Lys     #            685     -      Gln Leu Cys Glu Leu Leu Gly His - # Ala Phe Asn Ala Gln Ile Tyr     Cys     #        700     -      Met Ser Asp Tyr Asp Ile Ser Ser - # Ile Glu His Glu Ala Leu Leu     Ile     #    720     -      Val Val Ala Ser Thr Phe Gly Asn - # Gly Asp Pro Pro Glu Asn Gly     Glu     #   735     -      Leu Phe Ser Gln Glu Leu Tyr Ala - # Met Arg Val Gln Glu Ser Ser     Glu     #                750     -      His Gly Leu Gln Asp Ser Ser Ile - # Gly Ser Ser Lys Ser Phe Met     Lys     #            765     -      Ala Ser Ser Arg Gln Glu Phe Met - # Lys Leu Pro Leu Gln Gln Val     Lys     #        780     -      Arg Ile Asp Arg Trp Asp Ser Leu - # Arg Gly Ser Thr Ser Asp Thr     Phe     #    800     -      Thr Glu Glu Thr Phe Gly Pro Leu - # Ser Asn Val Arg Phe Ala Val     Phe     #   815     -      Ala Leu Gly Ser Ser Ala Tyr Pro - # Asn Phe Cys Ala Phe Gly Gln     Tyr     #                830     -      Val Asp Asn Ile Leu Gly Glu Leu - # Gly Gly Glu Arg Leu Leu Arg     Val     #            845     -      Ala Tyr Gly Asp Glu Met Cys Gly - # Gln Glu Gln Ser Phe Arg Lys     Trp     #        860     -      Ala Pro Glu Val Phe Lys Leu Ala - # Cys Glu Thr Phe Cys Leu Asp     Pro     #    880     -      Glu Glu Ser Leu Ser Asp Ala Ser - # Leu Ala Leu Gln Asn Asp Ser     Leu     #   895     -      Thr Val Asn Thr Val Arg Leu Val - # Pro Ser Ala Asn Lys Gly Ser     Leu     #                910     -      Asp Ser Ser Leu Ser Lys Tyr His - # Asn Lys Lys Val His Cys Cys     Lys     #            925     -      Ala Lys Ala Lys Pro His Asn Leu - # Thr Arg Leu Ser Glu Gly Ala     Lys     #        940     -      Thr Thr Met Leu Leu Glu Ile Cys - # Ala Pro Gly Leu Glu Tyr Glu     Pro     #    960     -      Gly Asp His Val Gly Ile Phe Pro - # Ala Asn Arg Thr Glu Leu Val     Asp     #   975     -      Gly Leu Leu Asn Arg Leu Val Gly - # Val Asp Asn Pro Asp Glu Val     Leu     #                990     -      Gln Leu Gln Leu Leu Lys Glu Lys - # Gln Thr Ser Asn Gly Ile Phe     Lys     #           10050     -      Cys Trp Glu Pro His Asp Lys Ile - # Pro Pro Asp Thr Leu Arg Asn     Leu     #       10205     -      Leu Ala Arg Phe Phe Asp Leu Thr - # Thr Pro Pro Ser Arg Gln Leu     Leu     #  10405     -      Thr Leu Leu Ala Gly Phe Cys Glu - # Asp Thr Ala Asp Lys Glu Arg     Leu     # 10550     -      Glu Leu Leu Val Asn Asp Ser Ser - # Ala Tyr Glu Asp Trp Arg His     Trp     #               10700 - #                1065     -      Arg Leu Pro His Leu Leu Asp Val - # Leu Glu Glu Phe Pro Ser Cys     Arg     #           10850     -      Pro Pro Ala Pro Leu Leu Leu Ala - # Gln Leu Thr Pro Leu Gln Pro     Arg     #       11005     -      Phe Tyr Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Pro - # Arg Arg Val Ser Asp Glu Ile     His     #  11205     -      Leu Thr Val Ala Ile Val Lys Tyr - # Arg Cys Glu Asp Gly Gln Gly     Asp     # 11350     -      Glu Arg Tyr Gly Val Cys Ser Asn - # Tyr Leu Ser Gly Leu Arg Ala     Asp     #               11500 - #                1145     -      Asp Glu Leu Phe Met Phe Val Arg - # Ser Ala Leu Gly Phe His Leu     Pro     #           11650     -      Ser Asp Arg Ser Arg Pro Ile Ile - # Leu Ile Gly Pro Gly Thr Gly     Ile     #       11805     -      Ala Pro Phe Arg Ser Phe Trp Gln - # Glu Phe Gln Val Leu Arg Asp     Leu     #  12005     -      Asp Pro Thr Ala Lys Leu Pro Lys - # Met Trp Leu Phe Phe Gly Cys     Arg     # 12150     -      Asn Arg Asp Val Asp Leu Tyr Ala - # Glu Glu Lys Ala Glu Leu Gln     Lys     #               12300 - #                1225     -      Asp Gln Ile Leu Asp Arg Val Phe - # Leu Ala Leu Ser Arg Glu Gln     Ala     #           12450     -      Ile Pro Lys Thr Tyr Val Gln Asp - # Leu Ile Glu Gln Glu Phe Asp     Ser     #       12605     -      Leu Tyr Gln Leu Ile Val Gln Glu - # Arg Gly His Ile Tyr Val Cys     Gly     #  12805     -      Asp Val Thr Met Ala Glu His Val - # Tyr Gln Thr Ile Arg Lys Cys     Ile     # 12950     -      Ala Gly Lys Glu Gln Lys Ser Glu - # Ala Glu Val Glu Thr Phe Leu     Leu     #               13100 - #                1305     -      Thr Leu Arg Asp Glu Ser Arg Tyr - # His Glu Asp Ile Phe Gly Ile     Thr     #           13250     -      Leu Arg Thr Ala Glu Ile His Thr - # Lys Ser Arg Ala Thr Ala Arg     Ile     #       13405     -      Arg Met Ala Ser Gln Pro     #    1350     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 1205 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #ID NO:10:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Met Gly Asn Leu Lys Ser Val Gly - # Gln Glu Pro Gly Pro Pro Cys     Gly     #   15     -      Leu Gly Leu Gly Leu Gly Leu Gly - # Leu Cys Gly Lys Gln Gly Pro     Ala     #                 30     -      Ser Pro Ala Pro Glu Pro Ser Arg - # Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Thr Pro     His     #             45     -      Ala Pro Asp His Ser Pro Ala Pro - # Asn Ser Pro Thr Leu Thr Arg     Pro     #         60     -      Pro Glu Gly Pro Lys Phe Pro Arg - # Val Lys Asn Trp Glu Leu Gly     Ser     #     80     -      Ile Thr Tyr Asp Thr Leu Cys Ala - # Gln Ser Gln Gln Asp Gly Pro     Cys     #   95     -      Thr Pro Arg Arg Cys Leu Gly Ser - # Leu Val Leu Pro Arg Lys Leu     Gln     #                110     -      Thr Arg Pro Ser Pro Gly Pro Pro - # Pro Ala Glu Gln Leu Leu Ser     Gln     #            125     -      Ala Arg Asp Phe Ile Asn Gln Tyr - # Tyr Ser Ser Ile Lys Arg Ser     Gly     #        140     -      Ser Gln Ala His Glu Glu Arg Leu - # Gln Glu Val Glu Ala Glu Val     Ala     #    160     -      Ser Thr Gly Thr Ile His Leu Arg - # Glu Ser Glu Leu Val Phe Gly     Ala     #   175     -      Lys Gln Ala Trp Arg Asn Ala Pro - # Arg Cys Val Gly Arg Ile Gln     Trp     #                190     -      Gly Lys Leu Gln Val Phe Asp Ala - # Arg Asp Cys Ser Ser Ala Gln     Glu     #            205     -      Met Phe Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn His - # Ile Lys Tyr Ala Thr Asn Arg     Gly     #        220     -      Asn Leu Arg Ser Ala Ile Thr Val - # Phe Pro Gln Arg Ala Pro Gly     Arg     #    240     -      Gly Asp Phe Arg Ile Trp Asn Ser - # Gln Leu Val Arg Tyr Ala Gly     Tyr     #   255     -      Arg Gln Gln Asp Gly Ser Val Arg - # Gly Asp Pro Ala Asn Val Glu     Ile     #                270     -      Thr Glu Leu Cys Ile Gln His Gly - # Trp Thr Pro Gly Asn Gly Arg     Phe     #            285     -      Asp Val Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Gln - # Ala Pro Asp Glu Ala Pro Glu     Leu     #        300     -      Phe Val Leu Pro Pro Glu Leu Val - # Leu Glu Val Pro Leu Gly Ala     Pro     #    320     -      His Thr Gly Val Val Arg Gly Pro - # Gly Leu Arg Trp Tyr Ala Leu     Pro     #   335     -      Ala Val Ser Asn Met Leu Leu Glu - # Ile Gly Gly Leu Glu Phe Ser     Ala     #                350     -      Ala Pro Phe Ser Gly Trp Tyr Met - # Ser Thr Glu Ile Gly Thr Arg     Asn     #            365     -      Leu Cys Asp Pro His Arg Tyr Asn - # Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Ala Val     Cys     #        380     -      Met Asp Leu Asp Thr Arg Thr Thr - # Ser Ser Leu Trp Lys Asp Lys     Ala     #    400     -      Ala Val Glu Ile Asn Leu Ala Val - # Leu His Ser Phe Gln Leu Ala     Lys     #   415     -      Val Thr Ile Val Asp His His Ala - # Ala Thr Val Ser Phe Met Lys     His     #                430     -      Leu Asp Asn Glu Gln Lys Ala Arg - # Gly Gly Cys Pro Ala Asp Trp     Ala     #            445     -      Trp Ile Val Pro Pro Ile Tyr Gly - # Ser Leu Pro Pro Val Phe His     Gln     #        460     -      Glu Met Val Asn Tyr Ile Leu Ser - # Pro Ala Phe Arg Tyr Gln Pro     Asp     #    480     -      Pro Trp Lys Gly Ser Ala Thr Lys - # Gly Ala Gly Ile Thr Arg Lys     Lys     #   495     -      Thr Phe Lys Glu Val Ala Asn Ala - # Val Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Leu     Met     #                510     -      Gly Thr Leu Met Ala Lys Arg Val - # Lys Ala Thr Ile Leu Tyr Ala     Ser     #            525     -      Glu Thr Gly Arg Ala Gln Ser Tyr - # Ala Gln Gln Leu Gly Arg Leu     Phe     #        540     -      Arg Lys Ala Phe Asp Pro Arg Val - # Leu Cys Met Asp Glu Tyr Asp     Val     #    560     -      Val Ser Leu Glu His Glu Ala Leu - # Val Leu Val Val Thr Ser Thr     Phe     #   575     -      Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro Pro Glu Asn - # Gly Glu Ser Phe Ala Ala Ala     Leu     #                590     -      Met Glu Met Ser Gly Pro Tyr Asn - # Ser Ser Pro Arg Pro Glu Gln     His     #            605     -      Lys Ser Tyr Lys Ile Arg Phe Asn - # Ser Val Ser Cys Ser Asp Pro     Leu     #        620     -      Val Ser Ser Trp Arg Arg Lys Arg - # Lys Glu Ser Ser Asn Thr Asp     Ser     #    640     -      Ala Gly Ala Leu Gly Thr Leu Arg - # Phe Cys Val Phe Gly Leu Gly     Ser     #   655     -      Arg Ala Tyr Pro His Phe Cys Ala - # Phe Ala Arg Ala Val Asp Thr     Arg     #                670     -      Leu Glu Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Arg - # Leu Leu Gln Leu Gly Gln Gly     Asp     #            685     -      Glu Leu Cys Gly Gln Glu Glu Ala - # Phe Arg Gly Trp Ala Lys Ala     Ala     #        700     -      Phe Gln Ala Ser Cys Glu Thr Phe - # Cys Val Gly Glu Glu Ala Lys     Ala     #    720     -      Ala Ala Gln Asp Ile Phe Ser Pro - # Lys Arg Ser Trp Lys Arg Gln     Arg     #   735     -      Tyr Arg Leu Ser Ala Gln Ala Glu - # Gly Leu Gln Leu Leu Pro Gly     Leu     #                750     -      Ile His Val His Arg Arg Lys Met - # Phe Gln Ala Thr Val Leu Ser     Val     #            765     -      Glu Asn Leu Gln Ser Ser Lys Ser - # Thr Arg Ala Thr Ile Leu Val     Arg     #        780     -      Leu Asp Thr Ala Gly Gln Glu Gly - # Leu Gln Tyr Gln Pro Gly Asp     His     #    800     -      Ile Gly Ile Ser Ala Pro Asn Arg - # Pro Gly Leu Val Glu Ala Leu     Leu     #   815     -      Ser Arg Val Glu Asp Pro Pro Pro - # Pro Thr Glu Ser Val Ala Val     Glu     #                830     -      Gln Leu Glu Lys Gly Ser Pro Gly - # Gly Pro Pro Pro Ser Trp Val     Arg     #            845     -      Asp Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro Cys Thr - # Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Thr Phe     Phe     #        860     -      Leu Asp Ile Thr Ser Pro Pro Ser - # Pro Arg Leu Leu Arg Leu Leu     Ser     #    880     -      Thr Leu Ala Glu Glu Pro Ser Glu - # Gln Gln Glu Leu Glu Thr Leu     Ser     #   895     -      Gln Asp Pro Arg Arg Tyr Glu Glu - # Trp Lys Leu Val Arg Cys Pro     Thr     #                910     -      Leu Leu Glu Val Leu Glu Gln Phe - # Pro Ser Val Ala Leu Pro Ala     Pro     #            925     -      Leu Leu Leu Thr Gln Leu Pro Leu - # Leu Gln Pro Arg Tyr Tyr Ser     Val     #        940     -      Ser Ser Ala Pro Asn Ala His Pro - # Gly Glu Val His Leu Thr Val     Ala     #    960     -      Val Leu Ala Tyr Arg Thr Gln Asp - # Gly Leu Gly Pro Leu His Tyr     Gly     #   975     -      Val Cys Ser Thr Trp Leu Ser Gln - # Leu Lys Thr Gly Asp Pro Val     Pro     #                990     -      Cys Phe Ile Arg Gly Ala Pro Ser - # Phe Arg Leu Pro Pro Asp Pro     Tyr     #           10050     -      Val Pro Cys Ile Leu Val Gly Pro - # Gly Thr Gly Ile Ala Pro Phe     Arg     #       10205     -      Gly Phe Trp Gln Glu Arg Leu His - # Asp Ile Glu Ser Lys Gly Leu     Gln     #  10405     -      Pro His Pro Met Thr Leu Val Phe - # Gly Cys Arg Cys Ser Gln Leu     Asp     # 10550     -      His Leu Tyr Arg Asp Glu Val Gln - # Asp Ala Gln Glu Arg Gly Val     Phe     #               10700 - #                1065     -      Gly Arg Val Leu Thr Ala Phe Ser - # Arg Glu Pro Asp Ser Pro Lys     Thr     #           10850     -      Tyr Val Gln Asp Ile Leu Arg Thr - # Glu Leu Ala Ala Glu Val His     Arg     #       11005     -      Val Leu Cys Leu Glu Arg Gly His - # Met Phe Val Cys Gly Asp Val     Thr     #  11205     -      Met Ala Thr Ser Val Leu Gln Thr - # Val Gln Arg Ile Leu Ala Thr     Glu     # 11350     -      Gly Asp Met Glu Leu Asp Glu Ala - # Gly Asp Val Ile Gly Val Leu     Arg     #               11500 - #                1145     -      Asp Gln Gln Arg Tyr His Glu Asp - # Ile Phe Gly Leu Thr Leu Arg     Thr     #           11650     -      Gln Glu Val Thr Ser Arg Ile Arg - # Thr Gln Ser Phe Ser Leu Gln     Glu     #       11805     -      Arg His Leu Arg Gly Ala Val Pro - # Trp Ala Phe Asp Pro Pro Gly     Pro     #  12005     -      Asp Thr Pro Gly Pro     #   1205     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 1429 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #ID NO:11:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Met Glu Glu Asn Thr Phe Gly Val - # Gln Gln Ile Gln Pro Asn Val     Ile     #   15     -      Ser Val Arg Leu Phe Lys Arg Lys - # Val Gly Gly Leu Gly Phe Leu     Val     #                 30     -      Lys Glu Arg Val Ser Lys Pro Pro - # Val Ile Ile Ser Asp Leu Ile     Arg     #             45     -      Gly Gly Ala Ala Glu Gln Ser Gly - # Leu Ile Gln Ala Gly Asp Ile     Ile     #         60     -      Leu Ala Val Asn Asp Arg Pro Leu - # Val Asp Leu Ser Tyr Asp Ser     Ala     #     80     -      Leu Glu Val Leu Arg Gly Ile Ala - # Ser Glu Thr His Val Val Leu     Ile     #   95     -      Leu Arg Gly Pro Glu Gly Phe Thr - # Thr His Leu Glu Thr Thr Phe     Thr     #                110     -      Gly Asp Gly Thr Pro Lys Thr Ile - # Arg Val Thr Gln Pro Leu Gly     Pro     #            125     -      Pro Thr Lys Ala Val Asp Leu Ser - # His Gln Pro Ser Ala Ser Lys     Asp     #        140     -      Gln Ser Leu Ala Val Asp Arg Val - # Thr Gly Leu Gly Asn Gly Pro     Gln     #    160     -      His Ala Gln Gly His Gly Gln Gly - # Ala Gly Ser Val Ser Gln Ala     Asn     #   175     -      Gly Val Ala Ile Asp Pro Thr Met - # Lys Ser Thr Lys Ala Asn Leu     Gln     #                190     -      Asp Ile Gly Glu His Asp Glu Leu - # Leu Lys Glu Ile Glu Pro Val     Leu     #            205     -      Ser Ile Leu Asn Ser Gly Ser Lys - # Ala Thr Asn Arg Gly Gly Pro     Ala     #        220     -      Lys Ala Glu Met Lys Asp Thr Gly - # Ile Gln Val Asp Arg Asp Leu     Asp     #    240     -      Gly Lys Ser His Lys Ala Pro Pro - # Leu Gly Gly Asp Asn Asp Arg     Val     #   255     -      Phe Asn Asp Leu Trp Gly Lys Asp - # Asn Val Pro Val Ile Leu Asn     Asn     #                270     -      Pro Tyr Ser Glu Lys Glu Gln Ser - # Pro Thr Ser Gly Lys Gln Ser     Pro     #            285     -      Thr Lys Asn Gly Ser Pro Ser Arg - # Cys Pro Arg Phe Leu Lys Val     Lys     #        300     -      Asn Trp Glu Thr Asp Val Val Leu - # Thr Asp Thr Leu His Leu Lys     Ser     #    320     -      Thr Leu Glu Thr Gly Cys Thr Glu - # His Ile Cys Met Gly Ser Ile     Met     #   335     -      Leu Pro Ser Gln His Thr Arg Lys - # Pro Glu Asp Val Arg Thr Lys     Asp     #                350     -      Gln Leu Phe Pro Leu Ala Lys Glu - # Phe Leu Asp Gln Tyr Tyr Ser     Ser     #            365     -      Ile Lys Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Ala - # His Met Asp Arg Leu Glu Glu     Val     #        380     -      Asn Lys Glu Ile Glu Ser Thr Ser - # Thr Tyr Gln Leu Lys Asp Thr     Glu     #    400     -      Leu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Lys His Ala - # Trp Arg Asn Ala Ser Arg Cys     Val     #   415     -      Gly Arg Ile Gln Trp Ser Lys Leu - # Gln Val Phe Asp Ala Arg Asp     Cys     #                430     -      Thr Thr Ala His Gly Met Phe Asn - # Tyr Ile Cys Asn His Val Lys     Tyr     #            445     -      Ala Thr Asn Lys Gly Asn Leu Arg - # Ser Ala Ile Thr Ile Phe Pro     Gln     #        460     -      Arg Thr Asp Gly Lys His Asp Phe - # Arg Val Trp Asn Ser Gln Leu     Ile     #    480     -      Arg Tyr Ala Gly Tyr Lys Gln Pro - # Asp Gly Ser Thr Leu Gly Asp     Pro     #   495     -      Ala Asn Val Gln Phe Thr Glu Ile - # Cys Ile Gln Gln Gly Trp Lys     Ala     #                510     -      Pro Arg Gly Arg Phe Asp Val Leu - # Pro Leu Leu Leu Gln Ala Asn     Gly     #            525     -      Asn Asp Pro Glu Leu Phe Gln Ile - # Pro Pro Glu Leu Val Leu Glu     Val     #        540     -      Pro Ile Arg His Pro Lys Phe Asp - # Trp Phe Lys Asp Leu Gly Leu     Lys     #    560     -      Trp Tyr Gly Leu Pro Ala Val Ser - # Asn Met Leu Leu Glu Ile Gly     Gly     #   575     -      Leu Glu Phe Ser Ala Cys Pro Phe - # Ser Gly Trp Tyr Met Gly Thr     Glu     #                590     -      Ile Gly Val Arg Asp Tyr Cys Asp - # Asn Ser Arg Tyr Asn Ile Leu     Glu     #            605     -      Glu Val Ala Lys Lys Met Asp Leu - # Asp Met Arg Lys Thr Ser Ser     Leu     #        620     -      Trp Lys Asp Gln Ala Leu Val Glu - # Ile Asn Ile Ala Val Leu Tyr     Ser     #    640     -      Phe Gln Ser Asp Lys Val Thr Ile - # Val Asp His His Ser Ala Thr     Glu     #   655     -      Ser Phe Ile Lys His Met Glu Asn - # Glu Tyr Arg Cys Arg Gly Gly     Cys     #                670     -      Pro Ala Asp Trp Val Trp Ile Val - # Pro Pro Met Ser Gly Ser Ile     Thr     #            685     -      Pro Val Phe His Gln Glu Met Leu - # Asn Tyr Arg Leu Thr Pro Ser     Phe     #        700     -      Glu Tyr Gln Pro Asp Pro Trp Asn - # Thr His Val Trp Lys Gly Thr     Asn     #    720     -      Gly Thr Pro Thr Lys Arg Arg Ala - # Ile Gly Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala     Glu     #   735     -      Ala Val Lys Phe Ser Ala Lys Leu - # Met Gly Gln Ala Met Ala Lys     Arg     #                750     -      Val Lys Ala Thr Ile Leu Tyr Ala - # Thr Glu Thr Gly Lys Ser Gln     Ala     #            765     -      Tyr Ala Lys Thr Leu Cys Glu Ile - # Phe Lys His Ala Phe Asp Ala     Lys     #        780     -      Ala Met Ser Met Glu Glu Tyr Asp - # Ile Val His Leu Glu His Glu     Ala     #    800     -      Leu Val Leu Val Val Thr Ser Thr - # Phe Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro Pro     Glu     #   815     -      Asn Gly Glu Lys Phe Gly Cys Ala - # Leu Met Glu Met Arg His Pro     Asn     #                830     -      Ser Val Gln Glu Glu Arg Lys Ser - # Tyr Lys Val Arg Phe Asn Ser     Val     #            845     -      Ser Ser Tyr Ser Asp Ser Arg Lys - # Ser Ser Gly Asp Gly Pro Asp     Leu     #        860     -      Arg Asp Asn Phe Glu Ser Thr Gly - # Pro Leu Ala Asn Val Arg Phe     Ser     #    880     -      Val Phe Gly Leu Gly Ser Arg Ala - # Tyr Pro His Phe Cys Ala Phe     Gly     #   895     -      His Ala Val Asp Thr Leu Leu Glu - # Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Arg Ile     Leu     #                910     -      Lys Met Arg Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu - # Cys Gly Gln Glu Glu Ala Phe     Arg     #            925     -      Thr Trp Ala Lys Lys Val Phe Lys - # Ala Ala Cys Asp Val Phe Cys     Val     #        940     -      Gly Asp Asp Val Asn Ile Glu Lys - # Pro Asn Asn Ser Leu Ile Ser     Asn     #    960     -      Asp Arg Ser Trp Lys Arg Asn Lys - # Phe Arg Leu Thr Tyr Val Ala     Glu     #   975     -      Ala Pro Asp Leu Thr Gln Gly Leu - # Ser Asn Val His Lys Lys Arg     Val     #                990     -      Ser Ala Ala Arg Leu Leu Ser Arg - # Gln Asn Leu Gln Ser Pro Lys     Phe     #           10050     -      Ser Arg Ser Thr Ile Phe Val Arg - # Leu His Thr Asn Gly Asn Gln     Glu     #       10205     -      Leu Gln Tyr Gln Pro Gly Asp His - # Leu Gly Val Phe Pro Gly Asn     His     #  10405     -      Glu Asp Leu Val Asn Ala Leu Ile - # Glu Arg Leu Glu Asp Ala Pro     Pro     # 10550     -      Ala Asn His Val Val Lys Val Glu - # Met Leu Glu Glu Arg Asn Thr     Ala     #               10700 - #                1065     -      Leu Gly Val Ile Ser Asn Trp Lys - # Asp Glu Ser Arg Leu Pro Pro     Cys     #           10850     -      Thr Ile Phe Gln Ala Phe Lys Tyr - # Tyr Leu Asp Ile Thr Thr Pro     Pro     #       11005     -      Thr Pro Leu Gln Leu Gln Gln Phe - # Ala Ser Leu Ala Thr Asn Glu     Lys     #  11205     -      Glu Lys Gln Arg Leu Leu Val Leu - # Ser Lys Gly Leu Gln Glu Tyr     Glu     # 11350     -      Glu Trp Lys Trp Gly Lys Asn Pro - # Thr Met Val Glu Val Leu Glu     Glu     #               11500 - #                1145     -      Phe Pro Ser Ile Gln Met Pro Ala - # Thr Leu Leu Leu Thr Gln Leu     Ser     #           11650     -      Leu Leu Gln Pro Arg Tyr Tyr Ser - # Ile Ser Ser Ser Pro Asp Met     Tyr     #       11805     -      Pro Asp Glu Val His Leu Thr Val - # Ala Ile Val Ser Tyr His Thr     Arg     #  12005     -      Asp Gly Glu Gly Pro Val His His - # Gly Val Cys Ser Ser Trp Leu     Asn     # 12150     -      Arg Ile Gln Ala Asp Asp Val Val - # Pro Cys Phe Val Arg Gly Ala     Pro     #               12300 - #                1225     -      Ser Phe His Leu Pro Arg Asn Pro - # Gln Val Pro Cys Ile Leu Val     Gly     #           12450     -      Pro Gly Thr Gly Ile Ala Pro Phe - # Arg Ser Phe Trp Gln Gln Arg     Gln     #       12605     -      Phe Asp Ile Gln His Lys Gly Met - # Asn Pro Cys Pro Met Val Leu     Val     #  12805     -      Phe Gly Cys Arg Gln Ser Lys Ile - # Asp His Ile Tyr Arg Glu Glu     Thr     # 12950     -      Leu Gln Ala Lys Asn Lys Gly Val - # Phe Arg Glu Leu Tyr Thr Ala     Tyr     #               13100 - #                1305     -      Ser Arg Glu Pro Asp Arg Pro Lys - # Lys Tyr Val Gln Asp Val Leu     Gln     #           13250     -      Glu Gln Leu Ala Glu Ser Val Tyr - # Arg Ala Leu Lys Glu Gln Gly     Gly     #       13405     -      His Ile Tyr Val Cys Gly Asp Val - # Thr Met Ala Ala Asp Val Leu     Lys     #  13605     -      Ala Ile Gln Arg Ile Met Thr Gln - # Gln Gly Lys Leu Ser Glu Glu     Asp     # 13750     -      Ala Gly Val Phe Ile Ser Arg Leu - # Arg Asp Asp Asn Arg Tyr His     Glu     #               13900 - #                1385     -      Asp Ile Phe Gly Val Thr Leu Arg - # Thr Tyr Glu Val Thr Asn Arg     Leu     #           14050     -      Arg Ser Glu Ser Ile Ala Phe Ile - # Glu Glu Ser Lys Lys Asp Ala     Asp     #       14205     -      Glu Val Phe Ser Ser          1425     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 1144 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #ID NO:12:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Met Ala Cys Pro Trp Lys Phe Leu - # Phe Lys Val Lys Ser Tyr Gln     Ser     #   15     -      Asp Leu Lys Glu Glu Lys Asp Ile - # Asn Asn Asn Val Lys Lys Thr     Pro     #                 30     -      Cys Ala Val Leu Ser Pro Thr Ile - # Gln Asp Asp Pro Lys Ser His     Gln     #             45     -      Asn Gly Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Thr - # Gly Thr Ala Gln Asn Val Pro     Glu     #         60     -      Ser Leu Asp Lys Leu His Val Thr - # Ser Thr Arg Pro Gln Tyr Val     Arg     #     80     -      Ile Lys Asn Trp Gly Ser Gly Glu - # Ile Leu His Asp Thr Leu His     His     #   95     -      Lys Ala Thr Ser Asp Phe Thr Cys - # Lys Ser Lys Ser Cys Leu Gly     Ser     #                110     -      Ile Met Asn Pro Lys Ser Leu Thr - # Arg Gly Pro Arg Asp Lys Pro     Thr     #            125     -      Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu Leu Pro His - # Ala Ile Glu Phe Ile Asn Gln     Tyr     #        140     -      Tyr Gly Ser Phe Lys Glu Ala Lys - # Ile Glu Glu His Leu Ala Arg     Leu     #    160     -      Glu Ala Val Thr Lys Glu Ile Glu - # Thr Thr Gly Thr Tyr Gln Leu     Thr     #   175     -      Leu Asp Glu Leu Ile Phe Ala Thr - # Lys Met Ala Trp Arg Asn Ala     Pro     #                190     -      Arg Cys Ile Gly Arg Ile Gln Trp - # Ser Asn Leu Gln Val Phe Asp     Ala     #            205     -      Arg Asn Cys Ser Thr Ala Gln Glu - # Met Phe Gln His Ile Cys Arg     His     #        220     -      Ile Leu Tyr Ala Thr Asn Asn Gly - # Asn Ile Arg Ser Ala Ile Thr     Val     #    240     -      Phe Pro Gln Arg Ser Asp Gly Lys - # His Asp Phe Arg Leu Trp Asn     Ser     #   255     -      Gln Leu Ile Arg Tyr Ala Gly Tyr - # Gln Met Pro Asp Gly Thr Ile     Arg     #                270     -      Gly Asp Ala Ala Thr Leu Glu Phe - # Thr Gln Leu Cys Ile Asp Leu     Gly     #            285     -      Trp Lys Pro Arg Tyr Gly Arg Phe - # Asp Val Leu Pro Leu Val Leu     Gln     #        300     -      Ala Asp Gly Gln Asp Pro Glu Val - # Phe Glu Ile Pro Pro Asp Leu     Val     #    320     -      Leu Glu Val Thr Met Glu His Pro - # Lys Tyr Glu Trp Phe Gln Glu     Leu     #   335     -      Gly Leu Lys Trp Tyr Ala Leu Pro - # Ala Val Ala Asn Met Leu Leu     Glu     #                350     -      Val Gly Gly Leu Glu Phe Pro Ala - # Cys Pro Phe Asn Gly Trp Tyr     Met     #            365     -      Gly Thr Glu Ile Gly Val Arg Asp - # Phe Cys Asp Thr Gln Arg Tyr     Asn     #        380     -      Ile Leu Glu Glu Val Gly Arg Arg - # Met Gly Leu Glu Thr His Thr     Leu     #    400     -      Ala Ser Leu Trp Lys Asp Arg Ala - # Val Thr Glu Ile Asn Val Ala     Val     #   415     -      Leu His Ser Phe Gln Lys Gln Asn - # Val Thr Ile Met Asp His His     Thr     #                430     -      Ala Ser Glu Ser Phe Met Lys His - # Met Gln Asn Glu Tyr Arg Ala     Arg     #            445     -      Gly Gly Cys Pro Ala Asp Trp Ile - # Trp Leu Val Pro Pro Val Ser     Gly     #        460     -      Ser Ile Thr Pro Val Phe His Gln - # Glu Met Leu Asn Tyr Val Leu     Ser     #    480     -      Pro Phe Tyr Tyr Tyr Gln Ile Glu - # Pro Trp Lys Thr His Ile Trp     Gln     #   495     -      Asn Glu Lys Leu Arg Pro Arg Arg - # Arg Glu Ile Arg Phe Arg Val     Leu     #                510     -      Val Lys Val Val Phe Phe Ala Ser - # Met Leu Met Arg Lys Val Met     Ala     #            525     -      Ser Arg Val Arg Ala Thr Val Leu - # Phe Ala Thr Glu Thr Gly Lys     Ser     #        540     -      Glu Ala Leu Ala Arg Asp Leu Ala - # Thr Leu Phe Ser Tyr Ala Phe     Asn     #    560     -      Thr Lys Val Val Cys Met Asp Gln - # Tyr Lys Ala Ser Thr Leu Glu     Glu     #   575     -      Glu Gln Leu Leu Leu Val Val Thr - # Ser Thr Phe Gly Asn Gly Asp     Cys     #                590     -      Pro Ser Asn Gly Gln Thr Leu Lys - # Lys Ser Leu Phe Met Leu Arg     Glu     #            605     -      Leu Asn His Thr Phe Arg Tyr Ala - # Val Phe Gly Leu Gly Ser Ser     Met     #        620     -      Tyr Pro Gln Phe Cys Ala Phe Ala - # His Asp Ile Asp Gln Lys Leu     Ser     #    640     -      His Leu Gly Ala Ser Gln Leu Ala - # Pro Thr Gly Glu Gly Asp Glu     Leu     #   655     -      Ser Gly Gln Glu Asp Ala Phe Arg - # Ser Trp Ala Val Gln Thr Phe     Arg     #                670     -      Ala Ala Cys Glu Thr Phe Asp Val - # Arg Ser Lys His His Ile Gln     Ile     #            685     -      Pro Lys Arg Phe Thr Ser Asn Ala - # Thr Trp Glu Pro Gln Gln Tyr     Arg     #        700     -      Leu Ile Gln Ser Pro Glu Pro Leu - # Asp Leu Asn Arg Ala Leu Ser     Ser     #    720     -      Ile His Ala Lys Asn Val Phe Thr - # Met Arg Leu Lys Ser Gln Gln     Asn     #   735     -      Leu Gln Ser Glu Lys Ser Ser Arg - # Thr Thr Leu Leu Val Gln Leu     Thr     #                750     -      Phe Glu Gly Ser Arg Gly Pro Ser - # Tyr Leu Pro Gly Glu His Leu     Gly     #            765     -      Ile Phe Pro Gly Asn Gln Thr Ala - # Leu Val Gln Gly Ile Leu Glu     Arg     #        780     -      Val Val Asp Cys Pro Thr Pro His - # Gln Thr Val Cys Leu Glu Val     Leu     #    800     -      Asp Glu Ser Gly Ser Tyr Trp Val - # Lys Asp Lys Arg Leu Pro Pro     Cys     #   815     -      Ser Leu Ser Gln Ala Leu Thr Tyr - # Phe Leu Asp Ile Thr Thr Pro     Pro     #                830     -      Thr Gln Leu Gln Leu His Lys Leu - # Ala Arg Phe Ala Thr Asp Glu     Thr     #            845     -      Asp Arg Gln Arg Leu Glu Ala Leu - # Cys Gln Pro Ser Glu Tyr Asn     Asp     #        860     -      Trp Lys Phe Ser Asn Asn Pro Thr - # Phe Leu Glu Val Leu Glu Glu     Phe     #    880     -      Pro Ser Leu His Val Pro Ala Ala - # Phe Leu Leu Ser Gln Leu Pro     Ile     #   895     -      Leu Lys Pro Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ile - # Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp His Thr     Pro     #                910     -      Ser Glu Val His Leu Thr Val Ala - # Val Val Thr Tyr Arg Thr Arg     Asp     #            925     -      Gly Gln Gly Pro Leu His His Gly - # Val Cys Ser Thr Trp Ile Arg     Asn     #        940     -      Leu Lys Pro Gln Asp Pro Val Pro - # Cys Phe Val Arg Ser Val Ser     Gly     #    960     -      Phe Gln Leu Pro Glu Asp Pro Ser - # Gln Pro Cys Ile Leu Ile Gly     Pro     #   975     -      Gly Thr Gly Ile Ala Pro Phe Arg - # Ser Phe Trp Gln Gln Arg Leu     His     #                990     -      Asp Ser Gln His Lys Gly Leu Lys - # Gly Gly Arg Met Ser Leu Val     Phe     #           10050     -      Gly Cys Arg His Pro Glu Glu Asp - # His Leu Tyr Gln Glu Glu Met     Gln     #       10205     -      Glu Met Val Arg Lys Arg Val Leu - # Phe Gln Val His Thr Gly Tyr     Ser     #  10405     -      Arg Leu Pro Gly Lys Pro Lys Val - # Tyr Val Gln Asp Ile Leu Gln     Lys     # 10550     -      Gln Leu Ala Asn Glu Val Leu Ser - # Val Leu His Gly Glu Gln Gly     His     #               10700 - #                1065     -      Leu Tyr Ile Cys Gly Asp Val Arg - # Met Ala Arg Asp Val Ala Thr     Thr     #           10850     -      Leu Lys Lys Leu Val Ala Thr Lys - # Leu Asn Leu Ser Glu Glu Gln     Val     #       11005     -      Glu Asp Tyr Phe Phe Gln Leu Lys - # Ser Gln Lys Arg Tyr His Glu     Asp     #  11205     -      Ile Phe Gly Ala Val Phe Ser Tyr - # Gly Ala Lys Lys Gly Ser Ala     Leu     # 11350     -      Glu Glu Pro Lys Ala Thr Arg Leu                      1140     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 20 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:13:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Gly Asp Pro Ala Asn Val Glu Phe - # Thr Glu Ile Cys Ile Gln Gln     Gly     #   15     -      Trp Lys Pro Arg                      20     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 20 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:14:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Gly Asp Pro Met Asn Val Glu Phe - # Thr Glu Thr Val Ala Leu Lys     Met     #   15     -      Gln Leu Asp Thr                      20     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 20 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:15:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Cys Asp Asn Ser Arg Tyr Asn Ile - # Leu Glu Glu Val Ala Lys Lys     Met     #   15     -      Asp Leu Asp Met                      20     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 20 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:16:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Gly Asp Pro Ala Asn Val Glu Phe - # Thr Glu Glu Val Ala Lys Lys     Met     #   15     -      Asp Leu Asp Met                      20     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 57 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:17:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - CGTCTAGATC TATGACTGAA TATGACGTAA TATGACGTAA TGGTACCAGA TC - #TGGCC       57     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 41 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:18:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     #   41             ATGA CGTAACGGAA ATGACGTAAC G     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 42 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:19:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     #  42              ATGA ATTAACGGAA ATGAATTAAC GG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 81 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:20:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - TGCACGGGTT TTCGACGTTC ACTGGTAGTG TCTGATGAGG CCGAAAGGCC GA - #AACGCGAT       60     #81                CTCA G     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 100 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:21:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - TCGACCCACA GTTTCGGGTT TTCGAGCAAG TCTGCTAGTG TCTGATGAGG CC - #GAAAGGCC       60     #   100            TTGC ACCACGCTCA TCGAGAAGGC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 55 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:22:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     - CTAGAGCTTG CAAGCATGCT TGCAAGCAAG CATGCTTGCA AGCATGCTTG CA - #AGC       55     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 34 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     #ID NO:23:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     #        34        AGCG TACGCAAGCG TACG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 17 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS:               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     #ID NO:24:(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ     -      Arg Lys Arg Glu Ile Arg Leu Gln - # Lys Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Arg     Glu     #   15     -      Cys     __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. Isolated DNA comprising exon 2 or exon 6 of a Drosophila dCREB2 gene and which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to DNA having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. An isolated DNA which encodes a Drosophila dCREB2 gene associated with long term memory.
 3. An isolated DNA which encodes a Drosophila dCREB2 isoform selected from the group consisting of:a) dCREB2-a; b) dCREB2-b; and c) dCREB2-d.
 4. An isolated DNA which encodes a Drosophila dCREB2 isoform selected from the group consisting of:a) dCREB2-q; b) dCREB2-r; and c) dCREB2-s.
 5. Isolated DNA encoding a Drosophila dCREB1 gene.
 6. The isolated DNA of claim 5 which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to DNA having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 7. 7. The isolated DNA of claim 5 which encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 8. 8. Isolated DNA which encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 9. 9. Isolated DNA which encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 8. 